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고등학교 『동아시아사』의 예수회 관련 서술 분석과 제언 -2011년과 2015년 교육과정본의 비교를 중심으로-
조영헌 ( Cho Young-hun ) 역사교육학회 2019 역사교육논집 Vol.70 No.-
This paper analyzed the description of the Jesuits in the East Asian History(EAH) textbooks; specifically, compared the previous three types of EAH textbooks that were published in 2014(hereafter referred to as ‘2011 EAH’) with the new four types of EAH textbooks, which were recently published in 2018(hereafter referred to as ‘2015 EAH’) under the 2015 revised curriculum. Through a comparative analysis, this study found out that there has been a shift of emphasis from ‘east-west intercourse’ to ‘trade network expansion’ when the descriptions of chapter 4 in 2011 EAH is compared to the descriptions of chapter 3 in 2015 EAH. As a results, the overall descriptions of the Jesuits on its cultural intercourse has dispersed into different units within the chapter, which has weaken the coherence on unit title and its content descriptions. The remarkable features of the content descriptions may summarized as following two points. First, both descriptions in 2011 EAH and 2015 EAH mainly focused on European science and its technologies(sundial, calender, prism, alarm clock, gun powder etc) that the Jesuits brought to East Asia. Such descriptions are causing the risk of delivering a fixed image of Jesuits simply as ‘spreader of science and technology’. Therefore, the textbook must clarify the discordance between the purpose and the result of the Jesuits advance to East Asia. Second, EAH textbook thoroughly emphasis how Joseon reacted differently to the Jesuits compare to China and Japan, since Joseon had indirect intercourse through Joseon missions to Imperial China(燕行使) and Western learning(西學), whereas China and Japan had direct intercourse with the Jesuits. However, both 2011 EAH and 2015 EAH textbooks missed out mentioning the reasons why Joseon kept indirect intercourse with the Jesuits. Also, the Jesuits was a mediator of east-west cultural encounter, who did not just spread their culture in one way from west to east, but rather in both ways. Thus, the characteristics of reciprocality of the Jesuits may be highlighted as an important material in global history, and such point was newly found in 2015 EAH compare to 2011 EAH. EAH is supposed to bridge Korean History with World History and the Jesuits is suitable material for it. Such topic not only shows a distinctive characteristic of Korea among other countries in East Asia, but also demonstrates the reciprocality of east-west cultural encounter. Overall, the perspective of global history can be emphasized as an alternative to euro-centrism and modern-centrism, and the Jesuits is especially worthy of noticed in the history class.
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후기 중화제국(中華帝國) 해양사(海洋史) 연구의 최근 흐름과 글로벌 히스토리 -중등 역사 교과서에 대한 제언-
조영헌 ( Cho Young-hun ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 민족문화연구 Vol.77 No.-
This article mainly deals with recent trend and new perspectives of maritime history in late imperial China and suggests how we can apply these trend and new perspectives in history textbooks of high school, especially < World History > and < East Asian History >. Why does maritime history in late imperial China receive the worldwide attention recently? There are two big backgrounds. From the practical and political perspectives, this trend is related with both the coincidence that the year of 2005 is the 600 years anniversary of Zhenghe expedition and the powerful endeavor of Chinese government to be a maritime powers. And, from the historical academic perspectives, this is very closely related with important issues such as the reaction against euro-centrism, how to interpretate the maritime ban policy after Zhenghe expedition, ‘early modern’ controvercy, and global history.
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“대운하시대(大運河時代)”(1415-1784), 중국의 상업(商業)과 변경(邊境) 정책
조영헌 ( Young Hun Cho ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-
This paper attempts to re-evaluate the Chinese economy during the 15th to 18th centuries, a part of Europe`s ‘the Age of Maritime Expansion’ through the lens of materials circulation. In order to do so, this paper presents an analytic framework for the 370 years between 1415 and 1784 as ‘the Age of the Grand Canal’. This period has two distinct characteristics. First, the ‘Age of Grand Canal’ refers to the period, when the domestic grain tribute transportation system for capital became unified into the Grand Canal that connects Beijing in the North to the lower Yangze Delta(Jiangnan) in the South. This means that the domestic grain tribute transportation system restricted maritime transport. Second, for the international transportation system, the maritime ban policy and the tributary system established the basis for state control in limiting foreign trade. In other words, the official foreign trade of the states was not so active, whereas other limited forms of trade, such as private trade and smuggling trade, were actively practiced during this time period. During this age, the sea power of China was relatively weak because of the effective repression of the state-led or state-sponsored marine expansion. However, even without an increase in the state`s sea power, China fulfilled its role as the leading ‘market’ or ‘factory’ of world economy until the late 18th century. Also, all the desire for trade and profit was satisfied through the Grand Canal, the domestic transport network. The characteristics of materials circulation during this age were formed through the interaction of two dynamics: tension and conflict, illustrating the negotiation between the state that pursued security as its top priority and the merchants who sought profit as their main concern. A concern for security was strongly involved in the foreign trade and commercial activities in both the Northwest borders and the Southeast coast regions. In the 19th century, the negotiation between the state`s security and the merchants` profits from this age underwent a decline in their effectiveness. The advantages of the Grand Canal as an artificial waterway had reached its limits and resulted in a transformation from the canal economy to the coastal economy. The situation was such that the negotiation between the state`s security and the merchants` profits from the ‘Age of Grand Canal’, which functioned effectively up to the mid-18th century, failed to adjust to the changes of the 19th century. In other words, the paradox of ‘technological lock-in’, i.e., the shift from strength to weakness over time, arose between the late-18th century and the early 19th century. Thus 370 years from 1415 to 1784 in China may not be simply seen as the period of a lack of commitment to maritime expansion, but rather a counterpart of ‘the Age of Maritime Expansion’, which is designated ‘the Age of Grand Canal’.
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조영헌 ( Cho¸ Young-hun ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2022 사총 Vol.105 No.-
The long-standing logistics system of China's Grand Canal actually ended in the late 19th century. The Great Canal, which had been neglected for more than a century, was listed as a World Heritage Site at the 38th UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Doha, Qatar on June 22, 2014. In order to be listed as a World Heritage Site, it must basically emphasize Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) while proving how well its cultural value is preserved and how it will be managed in the future. The requirements of integrity, authenticity, protection and management requirements must be met. So why did the Grand Canal, which had been neglected for more than a century, be listed as a World Heritage Site in 2014 and what did the Chinese government expect from it? This will be directly related to the change in the situation since 2006, when the World Heritage listing project began in earnest, but it is also necessary to consider the historical background behind the project. Therefore, this paper aims to find out the meaning and various intentions behind the 2014 World Heritage listing, analyzing the process of changing awareness of the function and preservation of the Grand Canal in terms of history memory and long-term historical context. Chapter 2 summarizes the history of three changes in memory of the Grand Canal, and Chapter 3 examines the process of forming a fourth image of the Grand Canal as the function of ‘caoyun’ has been fragmented since the 19th century. In Chapter 4, I examined how the two functions newly assigned to the Grand Canal changed the fourth image since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In Chapter 5 and the conclusion, the possibility of the success of the new fifth historical memory, which was formed when it was registered as a World Heritage Site, is examined.
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<명청사학회 제11회 하계연구토론회> - 명청시대 동아시아 도시사회의 제문제 : 명,청시대 신현설치오 시진사회 - 강남지역을 중심으로 -
조영헌 ( Young Hun Cho ) 명청사학회 2002 명청사연구 Vol.17 No.1
本稿選擇了江南地區的`新縣設置`(=`設縣`)事例, 集中探討了設縣與市鎭社會變化的關系。 選擇的對象就是江南地區的7府(江蘇省的鎭江府 · 常州府 · 蘇州府 · 松江府, 浙江省的湖州府 · 嘉興府 · 杭州府), 可是主要以在設縣的同時成爲縣治的5個市鎭(魏塘鎭, 當湖鎭, 鳳鳴市, 唐行鎭, 朱涇鎭)爲限進行分析了。其結果明白了第三個方面的事實。 第一, 在明 · 淸期間江南的分設新縣的21個當中, 5個縣的縣治就是本來從市鎭來發展的城市(全體的百分之二十四)。 其中4個事例是在明朝發生的, 全體比率上設縣更多的淸朝反而不如明朝那??多。 第二, 明淸兩代在起案和決定設縣的過程中, 最重要的決定因素就是國家權力的地方行政能力卽圓滑地執行稅粮徵收和訴訟爲理的需要。 具體來看, 明代設縣的主導因素是地域的社會經濟的變化和居民的利害關系, 可是淸代的主導因素是國家(淸朝)權力的利害關系的。 第三, 一旦成爲縣治的市鎭內建立了縣署 · 縣學 · 祠廟等縣治的基本施設, 特別倭寇侵略??害的嘉靖年間實現了大規模築城。 其過程當中該當居民經常容易受到勞役 · 財政的負擔。 盡管如此築城以後的治安狀況比以前向上了, 尤其是對于居民來說訴訟和納稅方便多了, 而且通過縣學建立擴充了紳士層增加的基盤。
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