癩病의 治療

趙炳學 최신의학사 1959 最新醫學 Vol.2 No.5

18세기 초 청ㆍ준가르몽고 관계 연구 ― 『청내각몽고당당』중 체왕랍탄[tsewang labtan]관련 기사 중심으로 ―

조병학 명청사학회 2011 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.36

This manuscript of 「Study of Historical Relationship between Tsewang Labtan and Ch'ing Ch'ao: in the focus of Ch'ing Nei-ko Mongo Tang Dang」 reviews 『Ch'ing Nei-ko Mongo Tang Dang』of Manchu archives, for its articles concerning Tsewang Labtan in comparison with the existing historical records of government office. Tsewang Labtan related articles were extracted from the recently published archives, 『Ch'ing nei-ko Mongo tang dang』. Manchu script of original articles were romanized and translated to trace the historical relationship between Ch'ing ch'ao and Juunghar Mongol in the early 18th century through comparative review of『Ch'ing shih-lu』, 『Ping ding Juunghar fang lŭe』, 『Juunghar shi lŭe』, and other history books. Copies of articles in Manchu script and Han character were compared and studied in attempted to investigate the background of Xi zhang attack and to learn the difference, if any, from previous remarks on tsewang labtan. The main focus of this study is the background of Hami attack by Juunghar Mongol and its relationship to Xi zhang attack, and the comparison of records in the early publications, 『Ping ding Juunghar fang lŭe』and 『Juunghar shi lŭe』, with the records in Manchu-Mongol Archives『Ch'ing nei-ko Mongo tang dang』. The findings suggested that tsewang labtan was far from being the puppet state of Ch'ing ch'ao, he rather revealed his intention against Ch'ing ch'ao upon the fall of Galdan. He eventually succeeded to maneuver the watching eyes of Ch'ing ch'ao, sent his army and seized Xi zhang. Headed with Dali Lama, his campaign sought to unify the entire Mongol with lamaism and stand against Ch'ing ch'ao. Ch'ing ch'ao was well aware of it and hence highly alerted against Juunhar Mongol; the clash of two powers in the end lead to the fall of Juunghar Mongol.

조상경의 소입제색 양상과 후령통과 관련된 ‘五’라는 숫자의 의미 분석

조병학 동방문화대학원대학교 불교문예연구소 2023 불교문예연구 Vol.- No.21

Among the ceremonial items preserved in the Buddha statue, the “Correspondence Prayer (Prayer for Costume)” shows the historical fact of how and by whom in what era it was created. In addition, according to the “soipjesaek (所入諸色)”, the shooting range of the temple at the time of creation and the scale of participation can be known. However, each of the handed down copies of Josangyeong and the excavated editions showed various differences in the records and items. In this paper, I tried to derive the problems and reasons for these aspects and provide examples so that these editions can be unified. In addition, the items that go into Huryeongtong are all composed of “five (五)” for each single item, and here the meaning of the number “five (五)” was sought to be identified. Therefore, reliability was ensured through a literature review of Jeo Bulbokjang, with certainty in this study, and each edition was compared and reviewed to see how the items used in Soinjesaek are being transformed. In addition, in relation to the number “five (五)” in the clothing item, which is the core subject of this paper, the historical nature and meaning were illuminated and proved. In addition, the true nature of the azimuth color that appears differently in each edition was identified, what its standard was, proved through the transmission process, and the direction was suggested. In order for a historical tradition to be passed down and preserved properly, a literature review should take precedence. In addition, it is necessary to study the value of tradition passed down by era, region, and author, and whether there is any change caused by cultural change, but be careful of independent opinions. In addition, it is good for those who translate the original text to select a literal translation when translating the original text to ensure the transmission of the original text, and if citation of additional research results is necessary, the references should be recorded in detail in the appendix or footnote to ensure correctness. This can be said to be the historical mission of a backward-extraction researcher. 불상 안에 존치되는 복장물 중 ‘조성발원문(복장발원문)’은 어느 시대에 누구에 의해 어떻게 조성되었는지 그 역사적 사실을 알 수 있다. 또한 ‘소입제색(所入諸色)’에 따라 조성 당시의 사찰의 사격과 동참 규모 등을 알 수 있다. 다만 전승되고 있는 조상경 저본들과 출토된 판본들마다 그 기록과 물목이 다양한 차이를 보이는 양상을 갖고 있었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 양상의 문제점과 이유를 도출해 보고 이러한 판본들에 대하여 통일성을 이루도록 그 예시를 제공하고자 하였다. 또한 후령통에는 들어가는 물목들은 그 단일물목마다 모두가 ‘五’가지로 구성되어 조성하고 있는데 여기에서 ‘五’라는 숫자가 갖는 의미는 무엇인가를 규명하고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에 확실성을 기하고저 불복장의 문헌적 고찰을 통하여 신뢰성을 담보하였고, 소입제색에서 사용되는 물목들의 어떻게 변용되고 있는지 각 판본들을 비교검토 하였다. 또 본 논문의 핵심주제인 복장물목에서 ‘五’라는 숫자와 관련하여 역사성과 의미를 조명하여 증명하였다. 이울러 판본마다 다르게 나타나고 있는 방위색의 실체를 파악해보고 그것의 기준은 무엇인지 전승과정을 통하여 입증하고 그 방향을 제안하였다. 역사성 있는 전통이 올바르게 전승되고 보존되려면 문헌적 고찰이 우선되어야 한다. 여기에 시대와 지역 또 찬자 등이 어어가는 전통의 가치를 연구하고, 문화변천으로 인해 발생한 변용은 없는지 연구하되 독자적인 견해를 주의해야 한다. 또 원본을 역주하는 자는 원형의 전승을 위해 원전번역시에는 직역을 선택하는 것이 좋고, 부가적 연구결과의 인용이 필요시에는 부록이나 주석에 참고문헌을 상세히 기록하여 올바름을 담보해야 한다. 이것이 역출연구자의 역사적 사명이라고 할 것이다.

後金의 察哈爾 복속 과정 연구

조병학 한국몽골학회 2002 몽골학 Vol.0 No.12

후금(淸)의 흑룡강 주변 部族에 대한 平定 과정 및 복속 정책

조병학 한국몽골학회 2004 몽골학 Vol.0 No.17

後金의 察哈爾 복속 과정 연구

조병학 한국몽골학회 2002 몽골학 Vol.0 No.12

After the complete conquest of Chakhar through 5 times invasion, Khungtaiji not only organized Pachi Mongolia with the Mongolian soldiers but enacted the statute of setting the extent of jurisdiction and the number of households for each Beile so as to forbid their trespassing each other's boundary. Tbus Mongolia whose closed economy ceased to develop and came to be under the thorough control of the Manchu dynasty. The defeat of Chakhar ultimately led Hou Chin to assume the hegemony in the North area of the Great Wall. The ruin of Lingdan Khan who once had had a temporary influence was a great event in the Mongolian history, which meant the decline of the whole force of the South Mongolia and its complete subjection to Hou Chin. Thus a powerful Khan didn't make an appearance any more in the pasture of South Mongolia since 1630. Most of nomads in South Mongolia came to be under the Hou Chin and Mongolian nobility's rules and be degraded to play the role of outer fence of Hou Chin. To defeat throughly the mighty forces of Lingdan khan and hold sway over the enormous area of South Mongolia was a crucial triumph in its strategic sense. This caused Hou Chin to change its military attitudes as to the fighting with the Ming dynasty. Owing to this victory Hou Chin was capable of attaining the superiority by 2 vs 1 among the struggles of the Ming dynasty, Hou Chin, and Mongoolia. Consequently, the strategy of defeating the eastern barbarian by making use of the western barbarian, one of the Mongolian subjugation policies over the entire Liao, turned out to be a complete failure. The dominance of Mongolia led Hou Chin to reinforce the fight power through the attainment of Mongolian cavalry and to employ the Mongolia as the important base for supploying army and steeds with Hou Chin. Moreover, it simultaneously opened the market for trade in the area of Changkagu and obtained the handicrafts which not bbe produced in Hou Chin. In conclusion, after the conquest of South Mongolia, Hou Chin, above all, was able to be completely freed from the threatening forces in its right side. Furthermore, he could gain the advantage of conquering the Ming dynasty afterwards by utilizing its right-side forces as a threat against the Ming dynasty.

17, 8世紀 滿學 檔案關聯 文獻 검토

조병학 한국몽골학회 2009 몽골학 Vol.0 No.27

To understand 'unificative multiracial nation' theory, which is recently discussed in Chinese academic world, first of all, it is necessary to inquiry from background about the foundation of Qing dynasty to historical materials of 17th and 18th century related to Manchuria and Mongolia. Add to it, to understand East Asia in 17th and 18th century fully, it is required to compare not only Chinese historical materials of 17th and 18th century but also Manchurian and Mongolian historial documents of that period. The purpose of this study is to introduce literatures related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案), which should be studied prior to the comparative study of Mancurian and Mongolian historial documents, and major research subject is 『The Compendium of Manchurian historical documents in 20th century』, which was mainly edited by SungNyeon Yeom(閻崇年). Especially, this study attempted to summarize 27 volumes related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案) in early Qing Period(入關前), which were published since 1980. This study will be useful for research beginners of Manchu and Mongolia study. To understand 'unificative multiracial nation' theory, which is recently discussed in Chinese academic world, first of all, it is necessary to inquiry from background about the foundation of Qing dynasty to historical materials of 17th and 18th century related to Manchuria and Mongolia. Add to it, to understand East Asia in 17th and 18th century fully, it is required to compare not only Chinese historical materials of 17th and 18th century but also Manchurian and Mongolian historial documents of that period. The purpose of this study is to introduce literatures related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案), which should be studied prior to the comparative study of Mancurian and Mongolian historial documents, and major research subject is 『The Compendium of Manchurian historical documents in 20th century』, which was mainly edited by SungNyeon Yeom(閻崇年). Especially, this study attempted to summarize 27 volumes related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案) in early Qing Period(入關前), which were published since 1980. This study will be useful for research beginners of Manchu and Mongolia study.

주차관제를 위한 무선 송수신 모듈 설계 및 구현

조병학 한국정보통신설비학회 2009 정보통신설비학회논문지 Vol.8 No.1

차하르(察哈爾)몽골의 신강(新疆) 이주(移駐) 배경考

조병학 한국몽골학회 2008 몽골학 Vol.0 No.25

18世纪中叶,由于持续的战争,新疆面临着人口减少,土地荒废,经济麻痹,内乱,俄罗斯对西北边境的入侵等困境。为了打破这种局面,清朝实行的政策中的一个就是派遣军队来防禦新疆,作为当时永久驻防兵被派往伊犁地区的集团是1千名的察哈爾蒙古兵。 本论文主要旨在论述的是为什么被派遣的对象偏偏是察哈而蒙古兵的问题。各种资料的调查结果表明,察哈爾蒙古兵和东北的索伦一起参与了当时新疆地区的战乱,具有丰富的经验,而且察哈爾部内的移住支援者很多,可以看出,除了清朝的西北边境防禦政策中的察哈爾蒙古兵以外,也动员了东北地方的少数民族。结果"察哈爾蒙古的西遷",清朝不仅仅只为了分化瓦解察哈爾部,更是为了守护由于18世纪中叶准葛尔的崩溃而被新扩展的疆域,在所谓的西北边境防御政策的大框架里,应该认识到是由察哈爾蒙古兵的新疆移住所决定的,这就是本人的拙见。 另外,本人认为,在清朝内将勇猛强大的这些势力从中心部远远隔离开,分散力量,是为了更轻易地对东北诸少数民族进行统治的清朝对少数民族政策的一部分。这些也是为了解决新疆驻屯军的食粮问题,为了新疆地域的农地开垦和清朝对西北边境地域的安定,而被推进的重要政策。

갈단이 티베트에 보낸 서신의 만·한역(滿·漢譯) 비교 분석 시론 -달라이 라마, 디바, 라모 나이충, 바라이붕 나이충에게 보낸 편지를 중심으로-

조병학 한국몽골학회 2013 몽골학 Vol.0 No.35

Among the '14 letters sent to Tibet by Galdan' translated and compared in Manchurian and Chinese and from which of those sent to Dalai Lama, Diba, Lamo Naicung, Balaibung Naicung acquired during Kang Xi's 2nd conquest. This was written to approach the truth with basic fundamental inferences about the questionable and doubtful points about the thoughts of Galdan and Kang Xi at the time, the battle of Jon Mod and the contents of the incidents and conditions of the happenings after, the battle of Onggin regarding the journey of Danjila and the location and relation of Moo grun. Generally, unlike the Strategy history books and the Government compilations written in Kang Xi's point of view, the '14 Letters sent to Tibet by Galdan' was written around 6 months before Galdan passed away and contains the situations of the time and the voice of Galdan which carries value and meaningfulness in itself. It has been historically recorded in 『Secret palace memorials of the Kang-shi period』 Special Series No. 8, document no.120.