쇠고기 이력추적제의 성공적인 판매단계 시행을 위한 제언

유재춘,Yu, Jae-Chun 축산물품질평가원 2009 KAPE누리 Vol.153 No.-

조선전기 축성기술의 변천 연구

유재춘(Yu, Jae-Chun) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.52

The fortress was the most important military defence facilities during the before of modern times. For this reason, the country built a fortress with a lot of manpower and budgets. Although there was a research on history of fortress construction, it did not reach a definitive stage for the establishment of the technological advancements in each era. Usually, existing research focused on estimating dating using archaeological information. Those studies lacks the effort to synthetically comprehend the historical records and archaeological information. The technology of building a fortress possesses us to build up our own selves, and there is a technological introduction through exchanges or contacts with foreign countries. However, it is very difficult to understand the construction of the fortress wall by separating it with a long period of time, as it has been used for a long time. For this reason, research on the techniques of building fortress walls requires proper use of historical records and archaeological information. In this thesis, studied on the construction of the fortress wall was “What progress has been developed through the process?” in the first half of Josun Dynasty. Early in the Joseon Dynasty, the fortress was most urgent construction in preparation for the invasion of waegu(倭寇). However, through the era of King Sejong’s reign, the method of building a fortress was standardized, and various new additions were installed. Also, it was designed to build a defensive system for various Chinese fortress walls, including Seongjegongsudo(聖制攻守圖), and focus on military technology. Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, the waeran of the Joseon Dynasty had a great interest in refurbishing the fortress walls with the genesis of the 16th century, and many fortresses were repaired or rebuilt throughout the nation. However, this time, it was urgent to prepare for emergency measures rather than the development of the technology, which was designed to build a special fortresses. Along with the Japanese Invasion of Korea, the fortress wall of the Joseon Dynasty has become obvious that the fortress wall has become obvious, and the new battlefield needs a new fortress to cope with the Japanese military’s tactics. During this time, the construction of the fortress was actively considered to allow China and Japan to build a fortress in the Joseon Dynasty. In this process, construction of new fortress walls was created, and construction technology of the fortress wall of Joseon was newly developed.

18세기 全州府城 축성기록 ‘築城啓草’ 硏究

유재춘(Yu Jae-Chun) 한국사학회 2006 史學硏究 Vol.- No.81

우리나라의 축성공사와 관련된 구체적인 기록은 임진왜란 직후 경상도 금오산성 수축과 관련된 『築城金烏時日記』, 조선후기 동래읍성 축조기록인 「東萊府築城謄錄」과 수원 화성 축조공사에 대한 기록인 『華城城役儀軌』를 제외하고는 거의 알려진 바가 없다. 『築城金烏時日記』는 1606년 금오산성을 수축할 때 監董官이었던 鄭邦俊의 기록이고, 「東萊府築城謄錄」은 1731년 동래읍성을 축조할 당시 공사내역을 기록한 것이며, 『華城城役儀軌』는 정조 18년(1794) 1월부터 정조 20년(1796) 8월에 걸친 화성의 축조에 대한 전반적인 기록으로 화성축조공사는 국가적인 큰 토목건축 공사로서 많은 경비와 기술이 필요하였으므로, 그 공사 내용에 관한 자세한 기록을 남겨야 하겠다는 뜻에서 正祖가 金鍾秀에게 편찬을 명령하여 1801년 9월 발간된 것이다. 여기에는 성곽축조에 관계되는 일지를 비롯하여 관련 인물, 성곽과 각종 건조물 공사에 사용된 部材와 비용, 기계ㆍ도구 등의 그림 및 그 설명을 실은 圖說 등이 상세하게 수록되어 있어서 당시 공사내역의 전모를 파악할 수 있다.<br/> 본 논고에서 연구대상으로 한 ‘築城啓草’는 조선 영조대에 있었던 전주읍성 축조에 대한 전모를 기록한 자료로, 『華城城役儀軌』처럼 국가차원에서 기록을 남길 목적으로 자료를 수집하여 편찬한 것이거나 처음부터 儀軌를 편찬할 목적으로 기록한 것은 아니지만 『화성성역의궤』와 마찬가지로 영조대 전주읍성의 축조에 대한 전모를 파악할 수 있는 매우 귀중한 사료이다.<br/> 조선후기에는 淸의 압력속에 조선의 축성사업은 크게 위축되었으나 점차 자체방어론이나 도성방어론이 제기되면서 남한산성을 비롯하여 도성, 북한산성, 탕춘대성, 동래읍성, 평양성, 수원화성 등 국가적인 성곽 축조사업이 추진되었다. 특히 영조 4년(1728) 이른바 戊申亂 발생을 계기로 국가의 지방거점지에 대한 방어시설의 중요성을 새삼 일깨우게 되어 동래읍성(1731), 평양성 中城(1733), 대구읍성(1736) 등이 잇달아 개축되었다. 전주읍성은 이러한 국가방어론의 전개와 함께 호남지역의 정세불안을 계기로 지방 거점지역에 대한 방위의 중요성이 제기되면서 축조사업이 추진된 곳이며, ‘築城啓草’는 바로 그 추진 상황과 공사내역을 알 수 있는 사료인 것이다.<br/> 1733년~1734년 전주부성 개축공사가 시행되는 과정에서 작성되었던 ‘築城啓草’는 전주부성 자체의 상세한 공사 내역을 알 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 당시 사회경제적인 실상을 살필 수 있는 매우 중요한 사료이다. 특히 17세기초 城役에 대한 기록인 『築城金烏時日記』, 그리고 「築城啓草」와 거의 같은 시기에 작성된 「東萊府築城謄錄」, 그리고 60여년 후에 작성된 『화성성역의궤』와 상호 보완적인 측면에서 조선후기 축성발전사, 사회경제적인 변화 등을 파악하는데 매우 유용한 자료이다. 또한 이러한 국가적인 축성사업에 인력과 財源을 동원하는 방식을 알 수 있으며, 전주부성수축공사는 호남지역에 기근이 들어 道는 물론 소속 각 고을도 재정상태가 열악한 상황에서 추진되었기 때문에, 이 자료를 통하여 여러 가지 사역인원과 재원 절감을 위한 방안이 강구되었다는 것을 알 수 있다. The concrete record related to the fortification construction of our country has hardly been known except '築城金烏時日記(record in fortifying Keumosansung)' related to the repair of Keumosansung of Kyungsang-do right after Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, '東萊府築城謄錄(record in fortifying Dongrae-eupsung)', the building record of Dongrae-eupsung in the late Chosun, and '華城城役儀軌(record in constructing Suwonhwasung)' that is the record of Suwon Hwasung building construction. '築城金烏時日記(record in fortifying Keumosansung)' was the record of Jeong Bang Jun who was the supervisor at the time repairing Keumosansung in 1606, and 東萊府築城謄錄 (record in fortifying Dongrae-eupsung)' recorded the construction details at the time building Dongrae-eupsung in 1731, and '華城城役儀軌(record in constructing Suwonhwasung)' was the overall record about the building of Hwasung castle from Jan. 1794(Jeongjo 18) to Aug. 1796(Jeongjo 20) and the Hwasung building construction was the big engineering construction nationally and needed much cost and technology, so by the meaning to leave detailed record about the construction contents, Jeongjo commanded for Kim Jong Su to compile and was issued in Sep. 1801. Here, the diary related to castle building, related characters, assistant material, cost, picture of the machine, instrument and the explanatory diagram that contained the explanation are included in detail, so we can grasp the whole aspect of the construction specifics.<br/> 'Draft of fortification to report to the government' that we have set as the study target in this study is the data which recorded the whole aspects about the building of Jeonjueupsung in Youngjo period, Chosun, and it wasn't compiled collecting the data for the purpose to leave records in the level of the nation like '華城城役儀軌(record in constructing Suwonhwasung)', and it wasn't recorded to compile important literature, too. But same as '華城城役儀軌(record in constructing Suwonhwasung)', it is a very precious historical record that can grasp the whole aspect about the building of Jeonjueupsung in Youngjo kingdom.<br/> The fortification business of Chosun was largely shrunk under the pressure of Qing Dynasty but as the self-defensive theory or castle town defensive theory suggested, national castle building business was promoted such as castle town, Bukhansansung, Tangchundaesung, Dongrae-eupsung, Pyongyangsung, Suwonhwasung, etc. Especially, in Youngjo 4(1728), by the case of occurrence of disturbance by military officials, it came to make aware of the importance of defensive facility about the local stronghold of the nation, Dongraeeupsung(1731), Pyongyangsung Joongsung(1733), Daegueupsung(1736), etc were reconstructed largely. Jeonjueupsung was the place the building business was promoted as the importance of defense toward the local stronghold region was suggested by the opportunity of political insecurity of Honam region together with the national defense theory like this, and 'Draft of fortification to report to the government' is the historical data that can know the very promotion situation and construction specifics.<br/> 'Draft of fortification to report to the government', which was written under the course the reconstruction of Jeonjubusung was implemented, informs us the detailed construction specifics of Jeonjubusung itself, and is a very important historical data that can look into the social & economic situation at that time. Especially, '東萊府築城謄錄(record in fortifying Dongrae-eupsung)' written almost at the same time, and '華城城役儀軌(record in constructing Suwonhwasung)', written after about 60 years, it is a very useful data that we can grasp the fortification development history of the late Chosun in the aspect of mutual complementation. Also, we can see the way it mobilizes manpower and financial resources in fortification business nationwide, and as the Jeonjubusung repair construction was promoted under a coarse situation in finance for each county as well as provinces due to the f

임진왜란 당시 한강방어론과 방어시설 구축에 대한 연구

유재춘(Yu, Jea-Chun) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.47

임진왜란이 당시 일본군이 서울로 빠르게 진격해 오자, 宣祖는 곧 피난결정을 내리고 북쪽으로 퇴각하게 되었고, 일본군은 서울을 쉽게 점령할 수 있었다. 평양 전투에서 조선과 명나라의 연합군에 의해 일본군이 격퇴되고, 조선은 다시 서울을 수복할 수 있었다. 서울을 버리고 피난길에 올랐다가 여러 가지 예기치 않은 고난과 민심 離反으로 인한 심각한 위기를 겪은 선조는 국왕이 절대 쉽게 서울을 떠나서는 안된다는 것을 절실하게 느끼게 되었다. 그러나 도성은 너무 넓어서 수비하기 어려운 문제점을 가지고 있었고, 이러한 상황에서 보다 방어하기 쉬운 한강 북안을 지켜야 한다는 “한강방어론”이 등장하게 되었다. 이러한 논의는 1593년부터 제기되었지만 구체적인 방어시설 구축과 防守에 대한 대책은 1595년부터 적극 추진되어 약 5천여 명의 병사가 이곳에 배치되었으며, 한강 방어군 통솔을 위해 설치한 별영이 1600년 이전에 폐지된 것을 감안하면 적어도 한강 북안지대 방어시설 구축과 군사 배치는 수년 이상 계속 운영되었다고 보아야 할 것이다. 물론 광해군 5년(1613) 한강 별영 재설치를 추진하고 있는 것으로 본다면 이 시기까지 한강지대에 배치한 把守軍이 상당 부분 운영되고 있었을 가능성도 있다. 한강 지대의 방어시설 구축은 경기도 여주에서 한강을 따라 도성에 이르기까지의 여울지역, 그리고 도성의 동쪽 지대 방어를 위해 목책, 토루를 축조하여 堡壘를 만들었다. 당시의 목책이나 토루의 구체적인 모습은 알 수 없지만 요충지에 연이어 설치하였던 것은 분명하며, 곳에 따라서는 砲樓를 설치하였던 것으로 여겨진다. 아차산 일대 보루군, 아차산성, 수석리 보루, 불암산성이 비록 대부분 삼국시대에 축조된 것으로 여겨지는 관방유적이나 이들 유적지 가운데 상당수는 조선시대 임진왜란 당시 한성 死守를 위한 방어 조치를 취할 때, 보루가 재구축되었던 곳이다. 유적 발굴과정에서 나타난 이해하기 어려운 유구(시루봉 보루와 아차산 4보루 발굴조사에서 나타난 2중 목책의 성격, 성벽 밖에서 드러난 목책열, 미상의 석렬 유구 등)나 목책 흔적은 조선시대 재사용과 관련이 있을 가능성이 크며, 아차산 일대에서 망우산을 거쳐 불암산쪽으로 이어지는 지대의 보루나 미상 유구는 임란 당시 도성의 동쪽을 방어하기 위한 조치와 관련이 있다고 여겨진다. 현재 한강 북안지대의 성곽 등 방어유적을 조사하고, 연구하는데 있어서 이러한 역사적 사실을 숙지하고 유적조사와 연구에 임하여야 한다. 그 유적들이 삼국시대에 만들어져 사용된 것은 분명하지만 현재 남아있는 유구에 대한 해석은 조선시대 전쟁시 재사용의 가능성과 그에 따르는 유적의 변형, 그리고 일부 유적은 전혀 고대역사와 관련이 없을 가능성을 두고 해석하여야 할 것이다. There broke out an unprecedentedly fierce battle between the Joseon Dynasty and Japan due to the Japanese sudden invasion of the Korean Peninsula in 1592. Japan, on the basis of its well-established war capabilities through the internal war period for almost 100 years, easily occupied the national territory of the Joseon Dynasty. As the Japanese army made a fast advance into Seoul, the then King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty immediately made a decision to take refugee, and got to retreat north. When the Japanese army arrived south of the Han River, there was a large river blocking them, and such a large river was a very dangerous zone to them from the perspective of a military strategy. Accordingly, Japan got to hesitate to charge towards the north castle town of the Joseon Dynasty across the Han River. However, when they finally got to the castle town after crossing the river, the castle town was almost empty. The Japanese army was able to capture Seoul too easily-the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty. King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty got to suffer from tremendous distress on the way of taking refugee, and the authority of the King hit rock bottom. What made the matters worse, local residents arrested the prince, who went to Hamgyeong-do to raise army, took him to the Japanese army, through which it"s possible to guess the then people"s psychological situation. In the meantime, the Japanese army was defeated by the allied forces of the Joseon Dynasty and Ming Dynasty in China in Pyeongyang Battle, through which the Joseon Dynasty could recapture Seoul again. After this, there formed a mainstream discussion within the Korean government that it"s an absolute must for the Court and people not to leave the castle town easily, and as its consequent measure, the State proclaimed the necessity of defending the northern shore of the Han River which was easier to defend because the castle town was too vast to defend. In accordance with such a measure, the northern area of the Han River became a stronghold for defending the Han River by constructing small-scale castles along the riverside. However, in surveying and researching the defense sites like fortresses, etc. located near the northern riverside of the present Han River, there is a tendency to interpret all defense sites by making a connection with ancient history in disregard of such historical facts. In other words, it"s clear that the ruins were made to be used during the era of the Three States, but it might be proper that the sites remaining on the ground at present should be interpreted by leaving the door of the possibility of their reuse in war during the period of the Joseon Dynasty and its consequential transformation of ruins open, together with possibility that some ruins might have nothing to do with ancient history.

여말선초 동계지역의 변화와 치소성의 이전 , 개축에 대하여 - 강원도 영동지방을 중심으로 -

유재춘(Jae Chun Yu) 조선시대사학회 2000 조선시대사학보 Vol.15 No.-

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조선전기 (朝鮮前期) 행성축조 (行城築造)에 관하여

유재춘 ( Jae Chun Yu ) 강원사학회 1998 강원사학 Vol.0 No.13·14

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중세 산성의 특징적 유형과 변천

유재춘 ( Jae Chun Yu ) 강원사학회 2002 강원사학 Vol.0 No.17·18

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15 세기 명의 동팔참 지역 점거와 조선의 대응

유재춘 ( Jae Chun Yu ) 조선시대사학회 2001 조선시대사학보 Vol.18 No.-

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『관동지(關東誌)』의 편찬 과정과 사료적(史料的) 특성(特性)

유재춘 ( Jae Chun Yu ) 강원사학회 2011 강원사학 Vol.0 No.25

Gwan-dong-ji is a geography book compiled from Gangwon province in the early 19th century. As the first geography book for Gangwon province, Gwan-dong-jicontains only the geography of each district belonging to the province. These forms have significant value when we study the geographic situation of the country and the province of the time comprehensively. Some data related to local exist in the other histories, but most of those data are scattered. For that reason, it is hard to understand each local situation horizontally at the specific time with the other data. Gwan-dong-ji has some defects involving the lack of unity, missing data, errors and omissions. But the defects cannot make the historical value of Gwan-dong-ji be dropped. Gwan-dong-ji is very important data to understand not only each district but also the financial affairs, the troops, the society and the culture of Gangwon province. Especially, much part of <Chongrok> explains everyday life of the time in detail, for instance, the status of financial management of the Gangwon-Kamyoung(Supreme Local Government Office), treatments for the government officials and prices at that time. Through these detailed and useful facts, concrete aspects of those days can be understood. From this points, Gwan-dong-ji is the aggregation of data for Gangwon province even though its structure has some differences between each district. As a geography which was compiled after 60 years since the <Yeojidoseo> had been compiled in the mid 18th century, Gwan-dong-ji is very useful historic data to learn the entire social aspects at that time and the operation of Gangwon-Kamyoung.

강원도내 호구(戶口) 고문서(古文書)의 현황과 특이 사례에 대한 검토

유재춘 ( Jae Chun Yu ) 한국고문서학회 2011 고문서연구 Vol.39 No.-

Family register is a record that figures out the status of family and its members based on family unit. It was actually originated as part of census for the purpose of tax and labor collecting and of understanding the status of people from ancient up to Joseon. In the late Daehan Empire, it became an official document to record family members under one family head and its family register, and also to keep the relation of position. In Gangwon area, studies on ancient documents on census have begun recently with 1,594 resources from 24 repositories completed so far. There are several distinctive characteristics on census documents in Gangwon-do which are summarized as follows. First, as several researched mentioned that diverse types of family unit and sub family unit appear in documents according to time and region, family register documents in Gangwon-do show similar. In particular, there are some registers which are not clear if they are clearly family registers or subfamily registers. It demonstrates that one criteria to distinguish family register from subfamily register in the 18th century by differentiating ``Yeon-seo``(連書) with Yeolseo(列書) is no longer applicable. Second is matters of Hogujeonjun(戶口傳準) only shown in Samcheok district, and Cheop(帖) In(stamp)(印) in Wonju district only. When it remarked <Samcheokbujeonjun> (三陟府傳準), it means this documents was approved in Samcheok district, which meant, in turn, Subfamily register(准戶口). Though it is usual to remark the issuing body`s authorization at the end of documents, it is quite peculiar to stamp Jeom(帖) in 19th century register found in Wonju. As some have Jeomand some are not made in the similar period, it is amatteroffurtherreview the existence of ``Jeom``(帖) stamp has different character and procedure of family register documents. Third is a matter of accuracy and forgery of family register documents. Some documents have no official seal(官印), signature (手決), pressed stamp(着押), or Juhyeopgaein(周挾改印). No studies have been made on to figure out it if it is forged or simply peculiar case. But, it is necessary to speculate these incomplete documents as there were many forgery(僞造) or imitation (冒錄) of family register in relation to exemption of labor service (免役), application of national examination, conferment of elderly position and verification of genealogy. Types of stamp are also problematic. Family register used to use official stamp (官印), Juhyeonggaejain(周挾改字印), Gakap(刻押) and Hogusangjunin(戶口相準印). Besides, stamps with names of region or Jeom(帖) stamp were also sued. It is conjectured either it was because diverse types were used or it was because they were forged. And customarily practice not to keep children or daughter in the register is also shown in the documents in Gangwon-do. There are some spelling errors, but some have serious defects in accuracy or reliability.