피에르 불레즈의 음렬주의에 나타난 음악적 사유의 특성

박영욱 한양대학교 음악연구소 2016 音樂論壇 Vol.35 No.-

The radical charateristics of Pierre Boulez’s music can not be summarized simply as mathematization of music and anarchistic negation of all previous musical conventions. Adorno criticized his music as a new kind of affirmativism, for Boulez’s ‘negation for negation’ has no functional meaning to criticize the world. Boulez’s music was regraded to fall down into the meaningless play of mathematics. Adorno thought that the retrogression of Boulez’s music is a mere fetishistic result from his following Webern’s music in which the revolutionary elements of Schoenberg’s serialism are totally eliminated and neutralized by mere mathematization of serialism. But according to Boulez, the core of Webern’s music is far from its mathematical and symmetric appearances, but its ‘diagonal’ elements free of traditional hierarchic structure by vertical and horizontal coordinate. Boulez pursued to find a ‘diagonal’ zone full of infinite possibilities (ie, the ‘smooth’ space, or ‘plane of immanence’ in Deleuzian meaning) in the music. It means that he treats a note not as a mere note which is externally defined only by the interval relations to other notes but a qualitatively different unique event as ‘intensity’. Now a note, more precisely a musical instant as an intensity becomes a sign(chifrre). Therefore Boulez’s mathematical experiments including integral serialism has a methodologically radical meaning to investigate infinite possibilities of a note as a chiffre. 불레즈의 음악의 나타내는 특징은 단순히 음악의 모든 요소를 수학적으로체계화하고 구조화함으로써 계량화하려는 시도로 요약될 수 없다. 이와 더불어 기존의 모든 음악을 부정하고 새로운 음악 형식을 끊임없이 추구하는그의 음악적 태도를 무정부주의를 위한 아방가르드적 열망으로 환원할 수도 없다. 아도르노의 관점에서 보자면 불레즈의 이러한 무정부주의적 태도는 부정을 위한 부정으로서 맹목적인 부정이 되어버리며 어떠한 힘도 지니지 못한 순응주의로 변질되고 말 것이다. 아도르노에 따르면 이러한 불레즈 음악이 보이는 이러한 퇴행성은 쇤베르크의 12음 기법이 지닌 혁명적성격을 수학적으로 중성화한 베베른에게서부터 물신주의의 결과물에 지나지 않는다. 그러나 아도르노의 견해와 달리 불레즈에 따르면 베베른의 음악이 지닌핵심은 수학적 대칭구조와는 무관하며 수직축과 수평축의 위계를 벗어나려는 ‘대각선적인’ 요소이다. 베베른에게서 발견한 ‘대각선적인 것’은 불레즈의 음렬주의에 내재한 근본적인 견인요소이다. 불레즈의 음악적 시도는 비록 음악이 수직축과 수평축의 체계로부터 완전히 벗어날 수 없다 하더라도위계질서에 의해서 개별적 음의 무한한 가능성이 위축되지 않는 무한한 가능성의 영역(‘매끄러운 것’ 혹은 ‘내재성의 평면’)을 발견하고자 하는 것이다. 따라서 체계에 속박되지 않은 음의 무한한 가능성의 영역에 들어가기위해서는 음을 하나의 개별적인 사건, 즉 ‘강도’(intensité)로 다룰 수밖에없다. 이 미시적인 강도의 세계는 ‘암호’(chiffre)와도 같은 것이다. 총음렬주의적 시도를 포함하여 불레즈에게 나타나는 수학적 시도는 아도르노의주장처럼 물신숭배의 경향을 보여주기보다는 하나의 신비한 암호로서 음이지니는 무한한 가능성을 보여주고자 하는 방법론적 시도인 것이다.

OLED의 광 효율 향상 기술: 랜덤 나노 외부 광 추출 복합 층 제작

박영욱,최근수,장은비,서가은 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2022 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The light extraction technology for improving the light efficiency of OLEDs is the core technology for extracting the light inside the OLEDs to the outside. This study demonstrates a simple method to generate random nanostructures (RNSs) containing high refractive index nanoparticles to improve light extraction and viewing angle characteristics. A simple dry low-temperature process makes the nanostructured scattering layer on the polymer resin widely used in the industry. The scattering layer has the shape of randomly distributed nanorods. To control optical properties, we focused on changing the shape and density of RNSs and adjusting the concentration of high refractive index nanoparticles. As a result, the film of the present invention exhibits a perpendicular transmittance of 85% at a wavelength of 550 nm. This film was used as a scattering layer to reduce substrate mode loss and improve EL efficiency in OLEDs.

유기발광소자의 광추출 향상을 위한 미세 반구형 유연 필름 연구

박영욱,백동현,배은정,맹형규,신지수 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2022 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.21 No.4

We presented a micro hemi-sphere structure flexible film to improve the external quantum efficiency (EQE) in OLEDs. The micro hemi-sphere flexible film was fabricated with breath figure (BF) method and replica process. At 45 mg/mL of concentration, the size of the hemi-spheres was approximately 6.2 µm were obtained which are the most circular shape. So, it was possible to yield the best performance with an improvement of 33 % in the EQE and the widest viewing angle ranging from 0◦ to 70◦. As a result, the hemi-sphere film’s size and distribution seem to play important roles in enhancing the EQE in OLEDs. Furthermore, the flexible hemi-sphere film based on polymeric materials could offer an effective, large-scale, mass-produced product and a simple process and approach to achieve high efficiency in flexible OLEDs.

서향 철학으로 읽는 도가 사상

박영욱 예문동양사상연구원 2002 오늘의 동양사상 Vol.- No.6

소리예술(사운드 아트) - 탈장르화 현상 혹은 새로운 장르?

박영욱 한국예술학회 2005 예술학 Vol.1 No.1

만성 하악골 골수염에서 발생한 편평상피세포암종

박영욱,박정민,장재현,김지혁,권광준,이석근,Park, Young-Wook,Park, Jung-Min,Jang, Jae-Hyun,Kim, Ji-Hyuck,Kwon, Kwang-Jun,Lee, Suk-Keun 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2008 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.30 No.5

We experienced a rare case of oral squamous cell carcinoma arisen from gingival tissues overlying prolonged chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. A 66 years old man complained of unhealed extraction sockets of left mandibular second premolar and first molar, and showed extensive leukoplakia in the gingival tissues of the same area. The inflammation of the socket granuloma became severe and extended into adjacent mandibular proper, resulted in diffuse suppurative chronic osteomyelitis of mandibular body, exhibiting irregular osteolytic changes of mandibular trabecular patterns in mottled radiolucent appearance. The leukoplakia was initially diagnosed under microscope, and the involved gingival tissues were radically removed. Thereafter, the gingival soft tissue inflammation involving the mandibular osteomyelitis was hardly healed for two years. During the period of repeated surgical treatments for the inflamed lesion, nine biopsies were taken sequentially. Until the eighth biopsy, there consistently showed the suppurative osteomyelitis with ingrowing gingival tissues into the bony inflammatory lesion. The gingival epithelium showed the features of leukoplakia but no evidence of malignant changes. However, the ninth biopsy, taken about 2 years after initial diagnosis, showed the early carcinomatous changes of the gingival epithelium. The neoplastic epithelial cells were relatively well differentiated with many keratin pearls, and infiltrated only into underlying connective tissues. So, we presumed that the present case of squamous cell carcinoma was caused by the persistent inflammatory condition of the mandibular osteomyelitis, and also suggest that the leukoplakia should be carefully removed in the beginning to prevent the neoplatic promotion of the chronic inflammation.

러시아 중전기 공업의 현황과 기술수준

박영욱,Park, Yeong-Uk 한국전기산업진흥회 1995 電氣産業 Vol.6 No.2

할인매장의 합성 반강접 CFT 기둥-보 접합부 구조의 경제성 평가

박영욱,김선희,김요숙,김대중,최성모 한국복합신소재구조학회 2011 복합신소재구조학회 학술발표회 Vol.2011 No.04

The purpose of this study is to deliberate on design application for a structure of beam with partially restrained composite connection to CFT column. It was intended to apply an economic and stable component by adjusting stiffness ratio of column connection through partially restrained composite connection. As a result of the review of stability of the structure, it was confirmed that in case of a low-rise building as a moment frame, it could be resisted without brace, as stiffness was increased when taking advantage of partial restrained composite connection by composite action.

RIE 공정을 이용한 유기발광다이오드의 광 산란층 제작

박영욱,장은비,배은정,최근수,서가은,장승미 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2022 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Since the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been widely investigated as next-generation displays, it has been successfully commercialized as a flexible and roll-able display. However, there is still wide room and demand to improve the device characteristics such as power efficiency and lifetime. To solve this issue, there has been a wide research effort, and among them, the internal and the external light extraction techniques have been attracted in this research field by its fascinating characteristic of material independence. In this study, a micro-nano composite structured external light extraction layer was demonstrated. A reactive ion etching (RIE) process was performed on the surfaces of hexagonally packed hemisphere micro-lens-array (MLA) and randomly distributed sphere diffusing films to form micro-nano composite structures. Random nanostructures of different sizes were fabricated by controlling the processing time of the O2 / CHF3 plasma. The fabricated device using a micro-nano composite external light extraction layer showed 1.38X improved external quantum efficiency compared to the reference device. The results prove that the external light extraction efficiency is improved by applying the micro-nano composite structure on conventional MLA fabricated through a simple process.

원근법과 평균율의 상관관계에 나타난미적 사유의 특성

박영욱 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2019 통일인문학 Vol.78 No.-

원근법과 평균율은 원래 각각 회화의 특정한 기법과 악기를 조율하는 방법이다. 그런데 이들은 실제적인 용도의 차원을 넘어서 근대회화와 음악에 내재한 재현의 구조를 함축하고 있다. 즉, 원근법과 평균율은 예술에서 완벽한 재현이라는 이상을 자신 속에 포함하고 있는 것이다. 그러나 완벽한 재현은 달성할 수 없는 비현실적 이상에 불과하다. 알베르티나 라모는 둘 다 수학적 완결성이나 과학적인 명증성을 통하여 재현의 이상을 달성하고자 한다. 그러나 어떤 표상이 수학적으로 완결성을 지닌다고 해서 세계와 완벽하게 일치하는 것은 아니다. 만들어진 표상과 세계의 일치는 실제로 달성될 수 있는 것이 아닌 표상으로 투사된 세계(가상세계)를 현실세계 자체, 즉 실재로 오인할 경우에만 가능하다. 달리 말하면 재현의 완성은 세계를 완벽하게 재현하는 표상을 통해서가 아니라 세계와 표상을 동일한 것으로 보게 만드는 사변적인 구조를 통해서 가능하다. 이 글은 원근법과 평균율이 근대 예술의 근본적인 재현원리임을 밝히고자 한다. 그러한 과정에서 원근법과 평균율이 지닌 공통의 특성이 잘 드러날 것이다. 또한 논의 과정에서 원근법과 평균율의 재현 원리가 지닌 문제점과 한계 역시 드러날 것이다. 그리하여 20세기 이후 원근법과 평균율의 재현 원리가 더 이상 신뢰받을 수 없는 이유도 찾을 수 있을 것이다. ‘Perspective’ is a technique of describing the world in the painting of Renaissance era and ‘equal temperament’ is a tuning system to divide an octave into 12 intervals with the same length invented in the modern era. But they imply the principle of representation in the painting and music of modern era. They are in a close relation to the perfect representation in the art. But the perfect representation is an illusion never to be achieved. No representation can be in a perfect agreement with the world to be represented. This agreement can be achieved imaginarily only when we identify the representation with the real world to be represented. In fact this identification is the necessary condition of the representation. In this paper we will find what problems ‘perspective’ and ‘equal temperament’ have as the main principles of representation.