九龍齋 白鳳來 經學의 體系와 特性

문창호 忠南大學校 大學院 2022 국내박사

This thesis examines the system and characteristics of Baek Bongrae’s (白鳳來, 1717~1799) study of Confucian classics (經學), focusing on the Explanatory Diagram (圖說, Tushuo) contained in Sanjingtongyi (三經通義) and Sishutongli (四書通理). Based on what we have seen so far, let's examine the structure and characteristics of the system of his study of Confucian classics, and what the meaning of the history of the study of Confucian classics is. First, Baek Bongrae analyzes and explains the Three Classics and the Four Books as one by the Way of Yi (易道, Yidao) and the Principle of Yi (易理, Yili), which is revealed in Yijing (易經). He says, “The Three Classics (三經) come to be Substance (體, Ti), and the Four Books (四書) come to be Function (用, Yong), and he represents the Three Classics and the Four Books by grouping with Yili (義理). The Yili that Baek Bongrae consistently expresses through the Three Classics and the Four Books is a concept that expresses the relationship of Substance and Function. Substance and Function are two, but Substance does not leave Function, and Function does not leave Substance, which is one. Because the Three Classics are the Substance of the Four Books, and the Four Books are the Function of the Three Classics, he can't help but understand them separately. However, he reveals that it is difficult to distinguish the Substance and Function of the Four Books without the Three Classics. To speak of the Three Classics as ‘Classics’ (經, Jing) and the Four Books as ‘Books’ (書, Shu) is only to say One Principle (一理). Second, the logic that Baek Bongrae penetrates through the Three Classics and the Four Books as One Principle is Functioning in a Variety of Ways along one Substance (一體隨用) based on Substance and Function. Functioning in a Variety of Ways along one Substance means varying from time to time. From the viewpoint of various Functions based on one Substance, he understands the Three Classics centering on the Function madewith Yijing as the main Substance. And he understands the Four Books from the point of view of the Function made with the Three Classics as the main Substance. Because he understands the records that present various Functions made with one Substance of the Principle of Yi or the Way of Yi as the Three Classics and the Four Books, in his study of Confucian classics, he understands the Seven Books (七書) harmoniously, systematically, and comprehensively according to One Principle of Yili. Thirdly, the tool that Baek Bongrae understands and explains the Three Classics and the Four Books according to the logic of Functioning in a Variety of Ways along one Substance is Explanatory Diagram. When his Explanatory Diagram is analyzed in terms of morphology, not only all explanatory diagrams take the form of circles, but explanatory diagrams have a structure in which one circle, two circles, three circles, or four circles are layered. Baek Bongrae starts with Hetu (河圖) and Luoshu (洛書) when discussing the Principle of Yi. Hetu and Luoshu are Diagram (圖象, Tuxiang) suggested by Zhouyi (周易) as a system of representation presenting the heaven and the earth. In Zhouyi, Hetu, Luoshu, and Guayao (卦爻) are differentiated, and the characteristics of Hetu and Luoshu are divided into “Yuanershen” (圓而神), and the characteristics of Guayao are divided and expressed by “Fangerzhi” (方而知). The Explanatory Diagram that he used is also related to the concept of a diagrammatic book (圖書, Tushu) that represents Hetu and Luoshu. In this way, the One Principle that Baek Bongrae intends to clarify through the Three Classics and the Four Books is the Principle of Yi, and his study of Confucian classics are developed based on Hetu and Luoshu that indicate the Principle of Yi. Fourth, Baek Bongrae expresses the contents of the Principle of Yi presented in the Explanatory Diagram of Sanjingtongyi and Sishutongli through the concept of Time (時, Shi). He said, “If you cover the 60 Guas in a word, it is Time. The news of Yin and Yang (陰陽) is nothing more than Time, and the righteousness of heaven and earth and the functions of people and ghosts are all just one letter of Time.” And further, he reveals that the contents of Hetu and Luoshu are Time by saying “The Substance and Function of Hetu and Luoshu are this Time, and The Substance and Function of Gua (Zhouyi) and Zhang (章, Shujing) are this Time. The functioning righteousness of Time is precious, so there is no doubt that the Three Great Virtues (三達德) of The Doctrine of Mean (中庸) and the Three Doctrines (三綱領) of The Great Learning (大 學) are nothing more than this meaning. In addition, Baek Bongrae understands Time in terms of the structure of Righteousness and Function, that is, Substance and Function. Since there is Substance and Function, the three big words of Time, Righteousness and Function follow the Function while uniting Substance as one. Five are those that speak of Time and Righteousness, three are those that speak of Time and Function, and four are those that speak of Time alone, so the total is 12. There is no such thing as the Righteousness of Time and the Function of Time that is not the use of the Four Virtues (四德). The existence of Substance in the middle Function is Time. Gezhengxingming (各正性命) is Righteousness, and Baohedahe (保合大和) is Function, which is nothing more than the change of Qiandao (乾道) and the great brightness of the beginning and the end. He reveals that One Principle penetrating the Three Classics and the Four Books is the Principle of Yi, says that the content of the Principle of Yi is Time, and that Hetu and Luoshu present Time, and he analyzes and explains the Three Classics and the Four Books based on Hetu and Luoshu. Therefore, Baek Bongrae’s study of Confucian classics is a study formed based on Hetu and Luoshu. Fifth, Baek Bongrae expresses Time which is the content of the Principe of Yi and the Way of Yi as the logic of Functioning in a Variety of Ways along one Substance through the Righteousness of Time and the Function of Time. Many of the concepts he uses in the Explanatory Diagram are used according to the Function of Time based on the Righteousness of Time that is the Substance. In general, when studying, we start from the dimension of Function and take the direction of finding a principle. A general method of study is to analyze the meaning of concepts used in one theoretical system, extract commonalities, and derive a principle through it. In the Analects (論語), when discussing the study, the Learning Below and Reaching Above (下學而 上達) and Mencius's Giving a Whole Heart (盡心) and Knowing Nature (知性) and Knowing Heaven (知天) are all directions toward Substance from Function. However, Baek Bongrae uses the concepts of the Three Classics and the Four Books from the point of view of Following Function, starting with one Substance. The new concepts he uses are all concepts presented from the point of view of Following Function to present one Substance. In addition, the task of giving new meanings to existing concepts is also intended to reveal one Substance. Baek Bongrae uses the Explanatory Diagram as a tool to represent the one Substance. However, he does not mention the theory of academic knowledge and the theory of practice such as Gewuzhizhi (格物致知) and Jujingqingli (居敬窮理), which pursue Huoranguantong (豁然貫通) revealing the underlying logic based on meticulous analysis by only using concepts. Sixth, Baek Bongrae’s study of Confucian classics has the historical meaning of Korean Confucian classics. At the time when Baek Bongrae was active, Neo-Confucianism still functioned as the ideology of national rule, but because it emphasizes the inner morality of human beings, the interest in real-world social problems is neglected. It did not only provide an effective response logic for the negative effects of the social system that occurred at that time and the reality that the people's survival was destroyed, but also failed to adapt to the changes of the times outside. Baek Bongrae not only revealed his respect for Zhouzi (朱子) and Toegye, but also believed in and thoroughly accepted Zhouzi’s commentaries of the Three Classics and the Four books. Nevertheless, there is no Neo-Confucian discussion in his Sanjingtongyi and Sishutongli. Baek Bongrae does not use an exploratory method to find one Substance and one Principle through analysis of important concepts such as Taiji (太 極), Liqi (理氣), and Xingqing (性情) that make up the theoretical system of Neo-Confucianism. Rather, he reveals the one Substance in various ways in various aspects of Function by using various Explanatory Diagrams, various new concepts, and methods that give new meanings to existing concepts. Through these facts, we can see that although Baek Bongrae did not clearly reveal his intentions, and as a result, he built his own system of studying Confucian classics in an attempt to overcome the situation of the times in which Neo-Confucianism was at the time. With respect to his Neo-Confucianism, as an alternative to the situation of Neo-Confucianism and the current situation of Confucianism, Sanjingtongyi and Sishutongli are new interpretations of the Three Classics and the Four Books through different academic methods from Neo-Confucianism. Through this study, it was revealed that the characteristics of BaekBongrae’s study of Confucian classics were different from Neo-Confucianism, but in-depth research was not conducted on the academic method itself. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct detailed research on the study method of Confucianism. In addition, an in-depth study of Time, which is a key theme in Baek Bongrae's study of Confucian classics, is also necessary. A study on Time is necessary to examine together the Yijing of Sanjingtongyi (三經通義) and Lidaitongyun (歷代通運), focusing on Xuyibenyi (序易本義). Through these studies, Baek Bongrae's study of Yi, his study of Confucian classics, and the characteristics of Korean study of Confucian classics will be revealed in detail and systematically.

綜合病院에서 外來診療部의 建築計劃에 對한 硏究

문창호 서울大學校 大學院 1980 국내석사

朝鮮時代 簡札의 署名에 對한 考察

문창호 明知大學校 文化藝術大學院 2004 국내석사

簡札을 우리의 옛 글인 情의 文化産物 1. 성균관대의 2003년 5월의 기획전 전시도록을 보면 簡札을 통한 ‘人間으로서의 참 모습’을 살핌은 신선한 기획 의도가 엿보인다고 할 수 있고 2. ‘옛 글에 밴 先賢들의 情’의 冊題는 家族의 情, 君臣의 情, 師弟의 情, 親舊의 情, 自然의 情을 통해 簡札의 性格을 廣義로 規定하고 있는 것 같다. 3. ‘白沙 李恒福은 유배지에서 집안 소식을 듣고 안도의 한숨을 쉬었으며, 일찍 홀로 된 神貞王后 趙氏가 오라버니에게 친정 안부를 묻는 데서 가족에 대한 사무치는 그리움과 살가운 정이 느껴집니다. 高宗은 수재로 어려워진 백성들의 살림살이를 살피러 떠나는 신하에게 술을 내리지 못하는 아쉬움을 토로하고, 仙源 金尙容이 상을 당한 친구를 위문하는 동시에 기왕에 받았던 선물에 대한 답례로 부채를 보내는 데서는 군신과 친구사이의 도타운 정이 넘쳐납니다.’『옛 글에 밴 선현들의 情』(성균관대�교박물관, 2003), 전시회에 부치는 글과 내용 참조 이라고 볼 때 가장 逼眞하지 않을까. 뭇 人들이 生前에 數없는 글로써 自身를 알리고 消息을 傳했으리라 여겨지며 현재 남아 있는 수도 不知其數이다. 先祖들이 그만큼 瓊章으로써 아꼈다는 것이며 內容 또한 21C의 現人들에게 新鮮한 衝擊과 自省을 주고 있다. 우리는 이들의 重要性을 但只 難解하다는 理由 하나만으로 가볍게 여김은 現今의 것이 우리의 後孫들에게 自己의 趣向에 맞지 않는다고 쳐다보지 않음과 진배 다름이 없으리라. 늦으나마 簡札과 署名에 대해서 整理하여 보고 나아가 각 個人 筆跡鑑定의 基礎資料로서의 役割을 希望하는 바이다. 먼저 第1章의 머리말에서는 簡札의 署名에 왜 注目했는가에 論點을 두고 署名方式의 準據와 署名의 特徵把握이 갖는 意義 등을 卷頭言으로 살펴보고자 한다. 第2章은 簡札의 內容分類와 實例를 代表的인 例를 통해서 分類하였고, 使用된 用語 例는 人稱語 및 始作人事, 官, 儒家, 問安, 喪祭, 病·藥材·藥, 膳物, 結婚, 時間·숫자·날씨, 地名, 끝人事 等의 項目으로 關聯語를 區分하여 配列하였다. 다소 散漫한 느낌도 있으나 簡札의 槪括的인 內容把握을 위해서 絶對 輕視할 수 없는 部分이다. 第3章에서는 簡札의 署名方式을 署名의 槪念과 頻繁히 보이는 署名의 갖가지 用語들, 署名의 位置, 署名의 時代的 特徵, 使用例를 用語나 뜻의 類似性으로 分類하였고 특히 慣用語 및 記者의 卽席造語도 많아 明確한 뜻을 모르면 受信人과의 關係 및 內容에 誤謬는 明若觀火할 것이다. 또 近者에 關心이 提高되고 있는 手決도 나름대로 言及하였다. 끝으로 第4章의 맺음말에서는 簡札의 忽待나 署名判讀을 위한 先決問題로서 漢字(漢文)素養의 必要性을 披瀝하였고, 個人의 많은 量의 簡札이 書藝家에 있어선 生涯를 통한 書體變化와 編年設定의 基準作이 된다는 內容을 살폈다. 흔히들 옛 史를 공부하는 데에는 王道가 없다고 한다. 山에 오르는 지름길은 있을지언정 길도 밟지 않고 山에 오르기란 불가능한 일이다. 옛 글에는 스승과 벗과 사랑하는 이와의 對話가 詩와 그림 되어 떠오르는 아침햇살마냥 來日의 길을 비추고 있다는 点을 恒常 銘心하여야 하겠다, Traditional letters, which are our old writings, will be most apt to be expressed as cultural product of warmheartedness. Numerous people must have informed themselves and delivered news with plenty of writings, and lots of the writings are handed down to the present. Our ancestors have valued the letters, and contemporary people acquire fresh shocks and introspection when reading the contents. We should not make light of the importance of the letters just because they are difficult, just as our descendents should not make light of present creatures because they are not good for their taste. Before too late, I hope that this study on traditional letters and autographs play an important role in helping appraisal of individual handwritings. In chapter 1, a preface, this study will focus on why autography has drawn keen attention. Conformity of autography method and significance of understanding features will also be described. In chapter 2, the letters are classified according to contents and examples. The words are classified with consideration of relations into grammatical person, opening greetings, government position, a Confusion scholar, an inquiry after health, the ritual of mourning, illness-medicines-drug, gifts, marriage, time-number-weather, name of place and farewell address. This may create diffuseness, but should be regarded as important part to understand general contents. In chapter 3, the methods of autography are classified according to concept of autography, frequent terminologies, location of autography, historical features and example of usages. Understanding meaning of words will be essential not to misunderstand the contents because lots of idiomatic phrases and instant formation of words by writers are shown in the writings. In addition handwriting signature is also reviewed briefly as they are collecting interest recently. In chapter 4 as conclusion, to overcome the ignorance of the letters and for precondition of autography reading, this study emphasizes on elementary knowledge of Chinese characters. Abundant letters of an individual will show the change of writing style throughout the life and will throw hints to follow chronological records. They say that there is no royal road in studying history. There could be shortcut to climb a mountain, but it is still impossible if you don't step on the paths. We have to keep in mind that from the old writings, the correspondence with teachers, acquaintances and lovers revives as poems and drawings today and throws lights to open the road into the future.

인터넷 광고의 정보기능에 관한 연구 : 인터넷 쇼핑몰 홈페이지 이용자를 중심으로

문창호 중앙대학교 신문방송대학원 2000 국내석사

만화경음악치료가 자폐성 장애 학생의 부적응행동과 사회성 발달에 미치는 영향

문창호 대구대학교 교육대학원 2012 국내석사

눈으로 보고 듣는 것은 현대에 사용하고 있는 일반적인 교수매체이며 통상적인 수업 방식일 것이다. 그러나, 일선 현장교육에서 시청각 교수매체는 그 효과가 미비하고 집중력 결여와 자립심을 잃을 수 있는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 특히, 부적응행동의 문제를 안고 있는 자폐성 장애 학생들에게 보이기 위한 교수매체가 아니라 실제 교육에 적용시킬 수 있는 ‘만화경 음악 치료’는 학생 스스로 만들고 자기 작품을 다른 친구와 공유하여 나누며 관찰할 때 성취감은 물론, 배경음악과 함께 수업할 경우 음악 치료에도 좋은 효과를 거둘 수 있고 나아가 자폐아동 뿐만 아니라 희귀병을 앓고 있는 아동이나 우울증 환자, 치매노인 등 남녀 노소 누구라도 즐길 수 있는 과학놀이기구이며 자기만의 세상을 직접 만날 수 있는 것이라 제언한다.

복합리조트의 회복적 서비스스케이프가 고객만족과 충성도에 미치는 영향 : 감정반응의 매개효과를 중심으로

문창호 경기대학교 2015 국내박사

Early studies on physical environment were mainly about how people respond to stimuli in the consumption environment based on environmental psychology, and they emphasized not only the effects of humans on environment but also the effects of environment on humans. Moreover, they focused more on macroscopic environment rather than on specific individual factors of environment, and therefore, were concerned about the influences of artificial structures and natural environment on people. Previous studies on servicescape focused on how the processing of physical factors (e.g. temperature, flagrance, music, etc.) in consumption environment or servicescape affects consumers’ approach and avoidance behavior. Research works with such a focus concentrated on satisfaction in physical aspects, overlooking the fact that commercial places may have a significant impact on consumers’ or visitors’ health, relief from stress, or personal happiness. In order to supplement this limitation, recent studies are exploring beyond physical aspects and it is demanded to expand the concept of servicescape. Accordingly, this study purposed to introduce and explore the restorative servicescape of rapidly developing integrated resorts, going beyond the conventional servicescape that is limited to the physical aspects. For this purpose, hypotheses were derived from literature review, and the subjects of this study were sampled from customers who had experiences in integrated resorts at home or overseas. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed, and 508 of them were recovered. Excluding 54 questionnaires that answered insincerely, did not indicate the visited integrated resort, or mentioned a place that could not be regarded as an integrated resort, we used 454 questionnaires as valid data for analyses. Collected survey data were processed with SPSS WIN 18.0 for frequency analysis, factor analysis, and reliability analysis, and the hypotheses were tested through multiple regression analysis, and mediated regression analysis. The results of the positive analyses are summarized as follows. First, according to the results of testing the effect relationship between the restorative servicescape of integrated resorts and customer satisfaction, it was found to have a positive effect. This suggests that when customers perceive the restorative servicescape of integrated resorts highly, their satisfaction also becomes higher. Second, according to the results of testing the effect relationship between restorative servicescape and emotional state, all of the 4 factors of restorative servicescape had a positive effect on the pleasure factor of emotional state. In addition, factors being away, fascination, and compatibility were found to have a positive effect on the arousal factor of emotional state, and coherence had a negative effect on it, so the hypothesis was adopted partially. Fascination and compatibility had a positive effect on the dominance factor of emotional state, but being away and coherence did not have a significant effect on dominance. Third, emotional state had a positive effect on customer satisfaction, and among its sub‐factors pleasure, arousal, and dominance, the pleasure factor had the highest effect and the dominance factor had the lowest. Fourth, according to the results of testing the mediating effect of emotional state (pleasure, arousal, and dominance) on the effect of restorative servicescape (being away, fascination, coherence, and compatibility) on customer satisfaction, pleasure had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between the being away factor and customer satisfaction, and the other 3 factors had a partial mediating effect. Fifth, customer satisfaction was found to have a positive effect on customers’ loyalty. Summing up the results, according to the ART (attention restoration theory), servicescape does not consist simply of objective and physical factors affecting consumers’ approach, avoidance behavior, etc., but can include the factors of restorative servicescape providing helps for consumers to restore from directed attention fatigue and stress‐related symptoms that consumers may experience easily in their daily life. Accordingly, in order to improve integrated resort customers’ emotional state and enhance their customer satisfaction and loyalty, environment should be created so that they may feel fascination and being away from daily life. Moreover, the environment, regardless of its size, should give rich feelings and be consistent enough to attract customers’ heart and stimulate their exploration. Lastly, what the environment can provide should be compatible with what integrated resort visitors expect and what they are going to do in the resort. In conclusion, through the adequate consideration of the 4 restorative factors, customers’ satisfaction should be induced in all small and large service environments of integrated resorts. 물리적 환경의 초기 연구는 환경심리학을 기반으로 하여 사람들이 소비환경 자극에 어떻게 반응하는지 연구되어 왔으며, 인간이 환경에 미치는 영향뿐만 아니라 환경이 인간에 미치는 영향을 강조해 왔다. 또한 환경의 구체적이고 개별적인 요소들에 초점을 맞추기 보다는 더 큰 규모의 환경에 초점을 맞추면서 인공 건축물과 자연환경이 인간에게 미치는 영향을 강조해 오고 있다. 그 동안의 서비스스케이프에 대한 연구는 소비환경이나 서비스스케이프 내에서 물리적 요소들(예: 온도, 향기 및 음악 등)에 대한 처리 과정이 소비자의 접근과 회피적 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 초점이 맞추어 연구되어 왔다. 이 같은 초점의 연구들은 상업적 장소들이 소비자 또는 방문객들의 건강이나 스트레스 감소, 개인적인 행복에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 사실을 간과하고 있으며, 단지 물리적 측면에 대한 만족에만 초점을 맞추고 있다는데 한계점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 한계점을 보완하기 위하여 최근의 연구들은 물리적 측면에서 벗어난 연구들이 진행되고 있으며, 서비스스케이프의 개념의 확장이 요구되어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 급속도로 발전하고 있는 복합리조트에서 물리적인 측면만을 포함하는 기존의 서비스스케이프에서 벗어나 회복적 서비스스케이프를 소개하고 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해서 문헌연구를 통해 가설을 도출하였으며, 연구의 표본은 국․내외 복합리조트를 방문한 경험이 있는 고객을 대상으로 하였다. 총 550부를 배포하여 508부를 회수하였으며, 불성실하게 답하거나 방문한 복합리조트를 표기하지 않은 설문지, 그리고 복합리조트라고 할 수 없는 곳을 표기한 설문지 54부를 제외한 454부의 표본을 연구에 활용하였다. 조사결과는 SPSS WIN 18.0 통계 패키지 프로그램을 활용하여 빈도분석, 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 그리고 가설검증을 위하여 다중회귀분석, 매개회귀분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 복합리조트의 회복적 서비스스케이프와 고객만족간의 영향관계를 검증한 결과, 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되어 고객이 복합리조트의 회복적 서비스스케이프를 높게 지각할수록 고객만족은 높아지는 결과로 검증되었다. 둘째, 회복적 서비스스케이프와 감정반응간의 영향관계를 검증한 결과, 회복적 서비스스케이프의 4가지 요인은 모두 감정반응의 즐거움 요인에는 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증되었다. 그리고 벗어남, 매혹감, 적합성의 요인이 감정반응의 각성요인에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 일관성요인은 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 부분채택 되었다. 매혹감, 적합성은 감정반응의 지배요인에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 벗어남과 일관성 요인은 지배요인에 유의하지 않은 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증되었다. 셋째, 감정반응은 고객만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 즐거움, 각성, 지배의 구성요인 중 즐거움 요인이 가장 높은 영향을 미치고 지배 요인은 가장 낮은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 회복적 서비스스케이프(벗어남, 매혹감, 일관성, 적합성)가 고객만족에 미치는 영향에서 감정반응(즐거움, 각성, 지배)의 매개효과검증결과는 벗어남 요인과 고객만족간의 관계에서 즐거움 요인에 완전매개효과를, 나머지 3가지 요인은 부분매개효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 고객만족이 충성도에 미치는 영향은 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증되었다. 연구결과를 정리하면 ART이론을 바탕으로 서비스스케이프는 단순히 소비자의 접근방식과 회피적 행동 등에 영향을 미치는 객관적이고 물리적인 요소들로만 구성된 것이 아니며, 소비자들이 현대사회의 일상에서 쉽게 발생할 수 있는 지향적 주의력 피로, 스트레스와 관련된 증상에서 회복할 수 있도록 도움을 제공하는 회복적 서비스스케이프의 요소들로 구성될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 복합리조트에 방문한 고객의 감정반응을 높이고, 고객만족과 충성도를 높이기 위해서 일상적인 생활에서 벗어남을 느낄 수 있는 환경과 매혹감을 느낄 수 있는 환경을 조성해야 할 것이다. 또한 특정환경의 크기와 상관없이 고객의 마음을 끌고 탐색을 촉진시킬 수 있을 만큼 풍부한 느낌이 들고 조리 있어야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 고객이 복합리조트에 방문하며 기대하는 일 그리고 방문한 고객이 하고자 하는 행동과 환경이 제공할 수 있는 것들이 일치할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다. 결과적으로 복합리조트의 크고 작은 모든 서비스 환경 내에서 4가지 회복적 요인들을 잘 고려하여 고객의 만족을 이끌어내야 할 것이다.

객관적 평가의 주관적 평가로의 전이효과에 영향을 미치는 요인

문창호 동국대학교 2021 국내박사

This study examines at first how objective performance evaluation affects subjective performance evaluation, and then investigates the effects of moderating factors such as characteristics of ratee, the degree of rater’s specialty and organization’s economic incentive, on the spillover effect with respect to the association between objective and subjective evaluation. The study tests the research hypotheses empirically, using a sample of 460 firm-year observations which contain the objective performance measures as reflected in the model results of the rating methodology, and the subjective performance measures as defined by the gap between the stand-alone ratings and the model results. The major findings are as follows. First, this study finds that the subjective evaluation is positively influenced by the objective performance evaluation measures, which means that there is a “spillover effect” as observed in an experimental research by Bol and Smith(2011). Second, the spillover effects are larger in case that the companies who belong to the group of low credit profile in terms of capability of paying back fixed income bonds. The association is considered to be influenced by a different degree of informativeness among evaluation measures based on contract theory combined with outcome effects in such that raters systematically overweigh outcome knowledge or result-oriented financial measures. On the contrary, when performance evaluation becomes complex in analysing the credit quality of rated company, the spillover effects turn out to be smaller. This evidence is in line with the research results of MacLeod and Parent(1999) in which the subjective evaluation becomes more useful and to a greater extent applicable when the task is more complicated. Third, the information asymmetry factors are associated positively with the relationship between objective and subjective performance evaluation. The empirical result implies that a higher information asymmetry between ratee and rater induces a larger spillover effect. It can be related to raters’ motivation or intention, because they tend to avoid the arguments about the accuracy and fairness issues under the situation of information asymmetry by assimilating subjective evaluation into the outcome for objective performance measures. Moreover, improving the quality of subjectivity generally requires high information gathering cost. Fourth, the spillover effects are smaller in case that the companies belonging either to the borderline rating group 1 for the ratees with the model ratings of BB+, BBB-, or the borderline rating group 2 for the ones with + or – notch rating assigned in each ratings scale. This result indicates that raters have a tendency to pay more attention to the subjective evaluation in improving the rating quality, as high reputation risk is perceived particularly when it comes to false positive or false negative rating for the companies who are positioned along the borderline ratings. Fifth, exploring the moderating effects of the degree of rater’s specialty and organization’s economic incentive on the spillover effects, the study shows the evidence that the interaction coefficients between the independent variable and the moderating variables result in the significantly negative figures, leading to the conclusion that the higher the rater’s specialty is or the higher the organization’s economic incentive, the lower the spillover effect between objective and subjective performance evaluation becomes. Unlike the experimental or the analytic research papers, this study conducts an empirical research in identifying the association between objective and subjective performance evaluation, by using real empirical data. As such, this research contributes academically to the management accounting research space in a way that helps to shed lights on the future exploration of the untested moderating factors that might influence spillover effect. Thus, performance and incentive system designers who seek to capitalize on the complementary roles of objective and subjective performance evaluation should consider the effects documented in this paper. Further, corporate organization could use these empirical test results as a implication and a supporting evidence on how it should effectively make use of and control a performance evaluation and incentive system as a management tool.

산업유형별 기업특성이 기술혁신 형태에 미치는 영향 : 베이지안 다항 로짓 모형을 이용한 분석

문창호 서울대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

大都市 周邊 小都邑 特性分析에 關한 考察 : 서울 近郊를 中心으로

문창호 朝鮮大學校 産業大學院 1986 국내석사

From the 1960's, Korea started to achieve a high level of growth in economy : as a result of it, the urbanization in a sense of modern had been rapidly processed in the ratio of 35.8% in 1960, 49.8% 1970 and more than 70% 1982- In such a short time and rapidly progressed, the process of urbanization made us experience the large cities where it was accelerated the concentration of population around such as several large Cities as seoul, Busan, and soon. By acceleration of growth in the areas around the large cities, the cities which were situated within 60km in the central radius of seoul had rapidly grown and brought out such a high rate of increase as □ 2% a year on the average between 1970 and 1975, which resulted in Metropolitanization, enlarging on increase in population of the outskirts and suburbs of Seoul. Thus, it is the purpose and significance of this paper to examine the direction of growth in the future, through an analysis of growth in the Small towns which are located in the vicinity of Seoul. As a way of research, selecting such fifteen small towns around seoul as Migum, Shindo, Wondang, Ilsan, Uiwang, Sorae, Kuchon, Munsan, Wabu, Kumpo, Pyokche, Kwangju, Tongbu, Pochon and kimpo, and depending upon their structures, characteristics and comparative analysis by department, we referred to the growth, analysis and what problems they had kept. In synthesizing the results proved here: the population inflowing directly in seoul has decreased, whereas in the broaden areas or small towns around seoul, it tends to increase and leads to the environmental worse; the problems of Seoul city remain unsettled and seem to grow widely. Therefore, in order to soive the problems which the existing S-mall towns have kept, meeting changes in such a spale pattern in days Lo come and managing reasonably the large city areas. We should establish a system of a wide civic development on a level with including the small-midum towns Coring around the large cities and. the rural areas.

九龍齋 白鳳來의 『四書通理』 硏究

문창호 忠南大學校 大學院 2009 국내석사