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K-pop, 음악제작에서 악기구성에 따른 음량 표준화를 위한 연구 -K-pop 발라드 장르를 중심으로-
김현부 한국산학기술학회 2025 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.26 No.10
This study addresses the issue of inconsistent audio quality in the production of K-pop ballads, which arises from a lack of standardized guidelines for mixing music. To that end, this paper quantitatively analyzes the tracks from four representative ballads performed by Kim Dong Ryul, IU, Gummy, and Sung Si Kyung, examining how changes in instrumentation and vocals in the song form affect loudness units relative to full scale (LUFS) and frequency response. The analysis reveals that the dynamic design of K-pop ballads can be classified into two main types: stable-gradual, as heard in the ballads of Kim Dong Ryul and Sung Si Kyung, which pursues musical perfection through a controlled and incremental build-up; and dramatic-contrast, exemplified in ballads by IU and Gummy, maximizing the narrative through extreme dynamic contrast and vocal energy. A common finding across all samples was that vocal performance is a key variable influencing loudness, often more significantly than the addition of instruments. Based on these findings, this study proposes practical audio design strategies for producing consistently high-quality music, including vocal-centric dynamic design, strategic instrumental layering, and the effective use of sections with reduced intensity.
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김현부 한국산학기술학회 2025 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.26 No.10
The recent development of generative artificial intelligence technology poses a fundamental challenge to the traditional, human-centric copyright system, with copyright attribution of AI-generated works emerging as a key legal issue. This study systematically analyzes the requirements and criteria for recognizing the authorship of generative AI creations, and proposes future-oriented institutional improvements. To this end, it analyzes domestic and international copyright law and judicial precedents concerning non-human creation, while also seeking legal solutions by analogously applying the copyright protection process of broadcast formats-a representative case dealing with the idea-expression dichotomy-to the issue of AI prompting. The research finds that copyright applied to AI creations cannot be determined by a single standard; it requires a comprehensive consideration of the human creator's intent, the specificity and originality of creative intervention (such as prompt design and the modification of output), and the degree of substantial control over the final result. Based on this analysis, this study emphasizes the urgent need for phased legal reform and a broad social consensus that rationally evaluates the degree of human contribution in order to supplement the limitations of current law and to foster an ecosystem where technological innovation and creators' rights can exist in harmony.
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개정된 유럽연합 지급결제서비스지침의 보안위험에 대한 제도적인 대응과 관련 국내 전자금융 규제와의 비교 연구
김현부,김인석 한국디지털산업학회 2019 한국전자거래학회지 Vol.24 No.4
Traditionally banks and other financial institutions use customers’ accounts and information managed by them and provide payment services in dominant positions. Recently, EU amends Payment Services Directive to institutionally guarantee access to customers’ accounts and use of account-related information even to third parties, which facilitates competition in financial markets and promotes innovation. However, this kind of change can increase potential security risks and therefore institutional responses from financial authorities are required so that all participants in financial markets can properly respond to security risks. In this study institutional responses to the security risks in the EU’s new Payment Services Directive (PSD2) are analyzed, comparisons between this and domestic electronic financial regulations are analyzed, and implications for the direction of improving domestic electronic financial regulations will be suggested.
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김현부,조병수,차성호,Kim, Hyeon-Bu,Cho, Byung-Soo,CHa, Sung-Ho 대한소아감염학회 1998 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.5 No.1
On the treatment of Kawasaki disease, approximately 10% of children treated with IVIG have persistent or recrudescent fever despite IVIG treatment. We had experienced two children with Kawasaki disease who did not respond after multiple dosages of IVIG. They were treated within the first 10 days of onset of fever and were given oral aspirin (100mg/kg/day) and IVIG(2gm/kg) in a single infusion for 8 to 10 hours. The first child had not resolution of symptoms after three intravenous doses of IVIG(total 4gm/kg). And then treated with high dose methylprednisolone(30mg/kg) for 2 to 3 hours intravenously without symptoms improvement. On fifth hospital days, he was retreated with IVIG (2gm/kg) again with ultimate resolution of symptoms. The second child had resolution of symptoms after three intravenous doses of IVIG(total 4gm/kg). No adverse events were associated with the administration of IVIG or steroid. We reported two cases of IVIG non-responded Kawasaki disease with a brief review of the related literatures.
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개정된 유럽연합 지급결제서비스지침의 보안위험에 대한 제도적인 대응과 관련 국내 전자금융 규제와의 비교 연구
김현부(Hyun Boo Kim),김인석(In Seok Kim) 한국디지털산업학회 2019 한국디지털산업학회지 Vol.24 No.4
전통적으로 은행 등 금융기관은 자신이 관리하는 고객의 계좌와 정보를 이용하여 지배적인 위치에서 금융서비스를 제공하여 왔다. 최근 유럽연합은 지급결제서비스지침을 개정하여 고객계좌에 대한 접근과 계좌 관련 정보의 제공을 제3자에게도 허용하는 것을 제도적으로 보장하여, 금융시장에서 경쟁을 촉진하고 혁신을 도모하고 있다. 그렇지만 이러한 변화는 잠재적인 보안위험을 증가시킬 수 있으며, 따라서 신 · 구 시장참여자 모두가 금융시장에서 보안위험에 적합하게 대응할 수 있도록 금융당국의 제도적인 대응이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 유럽연합의 새로운 지급결제서비스지침(Payment Service Directive, PSD2)에서 확인할 수 있는 보안위험에 대한 제도적 대응을 분석하고 이를 국내의 전자금융규제와 비교 · 분석하여 시사점을 도출함으로써 국내 전자금융규제의 개선 방향을 제안하고자 한다. Traditionally banks and other financial institutions use customers’ accounts and information managed by them and provide payment services in dominant positions. Recently, EU amends Payment Services Directive to institutionally guarantee access to customers’ accounts and use of account-related information even to third parties, which facilitates competition in financial markets and promotes innovation. However, this kind of change can increase potential security risks and therefore institutional responses from financial authorities are required so that all participants in financial markets can properly respond to security risks. In this study institutional responses to the security risks in the EU’s new Payment Services Directive (PSD2) are analyzed, comparisons between this and domestic electronic financial regulations are analyzed, and implications for the direction of improving domestic electronic financial regulations will be suggested.
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