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LED dimming으로 인한 고조파 전류 및 역률 변화에 따른 변압기 영향 분석
전 세계적으로 전력수요는 매년 꾸준하게 증가하는 추세이다. 수요의 일부를 담당하는 조명부하의 수요곡선도 매년 증가하고 있다. 조명부하는 전 세계적으로 2019년 기준 최근 10년간 20%가까이 증가하였다. 현재 기술의 발전으로 인하여 발생된 지구온난화가 세계의 공통적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. 전기 에너지는 화석에너지를 주 발전원으로 사용하는 2차 에너지이기에 환경에 직접적인 영향을 준다. 이에 따라 전기 에너지 수요의 20% 가까이 차지하는 조명부하 또한, 제품 경쟁력을 판단하는데 있어 조도, 수명 등의 성능뿐만 아니라 효율을 중요 지표로 삼게 되었다. 또한, 수십 년간 조명부하를 담당하던 형광등과 백열등이 발열량과 CO2배출량이 상대적으로 많다는 단점으로 인하여 최근 10년간 급속도로 사장되는 추세이고, 대신 LED가 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 조명부하 중 LED가 차지하는 비중이 증가하면서 LED 조명제어 또한, 그 중요성이 커지고 있다. LED 조명제어의 방법으로 주로 Dimming을 사용하는데, Dimming은 에너지를 효율적으로 소비할 수 있게끔 할 뿐만 아니라 LED를 여러 가지 측면으로 활용 가능하게 하는 특징이 있다. 전류량을 조절하여 LED Dimming 할 때, 전기요금 절감, 감성조명 활용 등 여러 가지 장점이 있지만, 역률이 저하되고 고조파가 발생한다는 단점이 있다. 전력설비 측면에서 살펴보면 LED Dimming 시 발생하는 고조파와 역률저하로 인하여 변압기 등 전력기기의 효율 저하, 절연 강도 감소 및 열화현상 촉진 등의 문제가 발생하는데 본 논문에서는 전력설비 중에서도 변압기에 미치는 영향에 대해서 연구하였다. 본 논문에서는 시중에서 사용되고 있는 LED의 사용 실태를 조사하기 위하여 LED Dimming 시 고조파 전류, 고조파 전압, 역률 등을 제조사 별로 측정하였다. 또한, LED Dimming 시 변압기에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하기 위하여 시뮬레이션을 진행하였다. 실측 결과를 토대로 일반적인 아파트 지하주차장의 LED Dimming System의 모의계통을 상정하여 Open DSS를 통해 고조파 분석을 하였다. 세부적으로는 선로의 길이, 일반 부하 용량 등을 세 가지로 나누어 Case study 하였다. 또한, 각 Case 별 결과를 토대로 K-Factor를 계산하여 LED Dimming 시 발생하는 고조파가 변압기 용량 산정에 어느 정도의 영향을 주는지 수치로 환산하였다. 본 논문에서의 실측과 시뮬레이션을 통하여 LED Dimming 시 발생하는 고조파와 역률 저하가 변압기에 악영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 현재 국내에서는 LED Dimming 시의 효율 판단기준이 부재하고 있는 상황이다. 그러므로 LED Dimming 시에도 역률과 고조파를 제한할 필요가 있다는 것을 제안하였다. Demand for electric power worldwide has steadily increased every year. The demand curve for lighting load, which is part of demand, is expected to be also increasing trend. The lighting load worldwide has increased by nearly 20% over the last decade by 2019. Global warming caused by the development of current technology is becoming a common problem in the world. Electricity is a secondary energy that uses fossil energy as a main power source, which directly affects the environment. As a result, lighting load, which accounts for nearly 20% of electric energy demand, has become an important indicator to evaluate product competitiveness as well as performance such as brightness and longevity. Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps, which were responsible for lighting loads for decades, have been rapidly being depreciated in recent decades due to the relatively large amount of calorific value and CO2 emissions. On the other hand, LED(Light Emitting Diode)s are increasing exponentially. LED lighting control is also becoming more important as the importance of LEDs in lighting loads’ increases. Dimming is mainly used as a method of LED lighting control. Dimming is not only capable of efficiently consuming energy but also makes LED available in various aspects. There are various advantages such as dimming of electricity by controlling the amount of current, reduction of electricity bill and utilization of emotional illumination, etc. However, there is a disadvantage that the power factor is lowered and harmonics are generated. In terms of electric power facilities, there are problems such as reduction of efficiency of electric power equipment, for example transformer, decrease of insulation strength and promotion of deterioration phenomenon due to harmonics and power factor reduction in LED dimming. In this paper, in order to investigate the usage of LEDs commonly used, the harmonic current, harmonic voltage and power factor were measured. Simulation was also conducted to analyze the effect of LED dimming on the transformer. Based on the experimental results, the simulation system of the LED dimming system of the apartment underground parking lot was assumed, and the harmonic analysis was done through Open DSS (Distribution System Simulator). In detail, the length of the track and the general load capacity were divided into three cases and case studies were made. In addition, K-factor was calculated based on the results of each case, and the degree of influence of harmonics generated by LED dimming on transformer capacity calculation was converted into numerical value. Through experimentation and simulation, it was confirmed that harmonics and power factor decrease caused by LED dimming adversely affected the transformer. From the analysis results in this paper, since there is currently no standard for determining the efficiency of LED dimming in Korea, it is suggested that power factor and harmonics should be limited in case that dimming LED is installed.
김용언 延世大學校 敎育大學院 2002 국내석사
본 논문의 목적은 지금까지 전통적인 이분법적 사고에 의해 형성되어진 편협된 이해와 왜곡된 인식의 영성교육을 하나의 통전적이고, 전인적인 영성이 라는 맥락 속에서 새로운 형태의 '통전적 영성교육'을 수립함으로써 기독교적인 바른 앎과 기독교적 바른 삶이 의미있게 잘 연결되도록 돕는데 있다. 그리고 통전적 영성교육의 구체적인 형태를 마련함으로써 기독교적 신앙공동체로 서의 한국교회는 하나님을 지속적으로 지향하면서 그와 상응하는 현실적 삶의 양태를 형성해 가도록 돕는데 있다. 이 목적을 위하여 본 논문은 다음과 같은 구조로 진행될 것이다. 첫째, 영성의 개념을 명확하게 규명하고자 한다. 즉 영성의 용어가 교회사의 흐름 속에서 어떻게 변천되어 왔는지를 살펴보고, 영성의 성서적 의미는 무엇인지, 그리고 신학적 해석으로서의 영성의 의미는 무엇이고, 현대적 이해로서의 영성은 어떤 의미를 지니고 있는지를 살펴본다. 둘째, 잘못 형성되어온 영성교육을 새롭게 수정되어야 할 필요성이 요청되는 상황에서, 통전적 영성교육을 위한 영성교육과정을 재구성해 보고, 영성교육의 목적과 교육내용, 교수-학습과정 및 교육평가 등을 살펴봄으로써 앞으로의 영성교육이 어떤 방향으로 진행되어야 할 것인지를 살펴본다. 셋째, 한국교회의 영성교육을 담당하고 있는 교사의 상(Image)은 과연 어떠해야 하는지, 그리고 영성교육의 교사상으로서는 특별히 어떤 구별되는 모습을 필요로 하는 것인지를 영성교육이라는 특정의 상황과 긴밀하게 관련되어 보이는 것들을 살펴본다. 넷째, 통전적 영성교육을 위해, 영성교육의 학습자들로 하여금 인지적 영역과 정서적 영역, 그리고 행동적 영역에서 하나님의 뜻을 파지하고, 하나님의 임재를 체험하도록 하고, 또한 파지 되어지고, 체험되어진 하나님의 뜻을 행동으로 실천하게 하는 반복적인 삶의 형태를 지향하도록 '통전적 영성교육'의 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 이런 맥락 속에서 '통전적 영성교육'을 통해 형성된 신앙은 '역동성'을 갖기 마련이고, 이 신앙의 역동성은 우리들로 하여금 '영적 성숙의 과정'으로 접어들게 하고, 이 시대에 안고 있는 신앙의 문제들을 해결할 수 있는 하나의 새로운 열쇠가 될 수 있다. 그리고 '통전적 영성교육'을 통해 신앙공동체 안에서 형성되어진 성숙된 신앙이 그대로 기독교적 삶으로 연결이 되어서 진정한 영성의 사람으로서 의미의 지평을 넓혀갈 수 있는 계기를 마련할 수 있을 것이다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 기독교 영성교육에 있어서, 기존의 패러다임에 젖어 왔던 우리에게 새로운 패러다임을 향한 고통스러운 발걸음을 내딛도록 자극하고 격려하고 있는 시대적 요청 속에서 나온 기독교 영성교육의 패러다임 변화의 한 시도이며 그 가능성을 밝힌 것이다. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate the agreement between the christianity knowledge and practice(praxis) through establishing 'the new holistic spirituality education' differed from the narrow-mindedness and distortion of traditional spirituality education which had been formed by the old and trite dualistic thinking. And to prepare an concrete scheme of the Holistic Spirituality Education helps us to form the mode of present(here and now) life through the continuing orientation toward God in the situation of Korean church To this purpose, thesis will go as follows. First, we must clearly elucidate the concept of 'spirituality'. Shortly, we investigate what the biblical meaning of spirituality is, what the modern meaning of spirituality is and how to have been change the term of spirituality. Second, this survey reconstruct the curricula of spiritual education, and examine the objects and contents of spiritual education, the process of teaching and learning and the educational evaluation etc... because on the necessity of revising spiritual education wrong formed. So we examine which to direct and how to change the spiritual education are going to. Third, we survey what the image of teachers in the Korean church indeed must be and especially what differences the image of teachers taking the responsibility of spirituality education have. Fourth, we suggest the new model of Holistic Spirituality Education for learners in the cognitive domain(knowing what God's will is), the emotional domain(feeling the God's Being), and conductive domain(doing by God's will, namely the praxis dimension). In the coherence, The faith formed through the holistic spirituality education is to be dynamic. This dynamic faith will lead us to the way of spiritual maturity. This spiritual maturity helps us to broaden the horizontal of meaning as the true spiritual beings. In conclusion, through these examinations this thesis will show us new steps toward the new paradigm from the existing paradigm and elucidate a scheme for the new paradigm shift of the christian spirituality education.
느타리 세균갈색무늬병을 일으키는 새로운 병원균 Pseudomonas brenneri
Bacterial brown blotch is a disease of many different mushrooms, such as oyster mushroom, button mushroom, and enoki mushroom. In bacterial brown blotch affected oyster mushrooms, variety of symptoms are visible. Pseudomonas tolaasii and P. agarici, P. gingeri, pathogenic P. reactans and Ewingella americana have been reported as pathogens. In our lab, bacteria from oyster mushroom showing bacterial brown blotch symptoms have been isolated during several years. Collected bacteria were divided into 7 groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. The pathogenicity of representative bacterium of each group was assayed by inoculation on oyster mushroom, “Soohan” breed. The results of pathogenicity test indicate that not only the previously reported pathogenic bacterium, P. tolaasii but also the 1 isolate of group induced the typical brown blotch symptoms. The initial symptoms by the 2 isolates are irregular brown spots and water-soaked blotches. In advanced stage of pathogenesis, spot color changes from bright yellow to brown with lesions expand. The brown spot symptoms shown in stripe during early stage were similar to that of P. tolaasii but in the late stage spots spread slowly which were unlike to symptoms caused by P. tolaasii. Yellow mass of bacteria was observed on the late onset of pileus and stripe. The 2 isolates were closest to Pseudomonas brenneri on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Electron micrographs showed that the 2 isolates have single flagellum and rod cell shape. The 18 phenotypic characteristics of the 2 isolates were identical to P. brenneri type strain CIP 106646T. Based on these results, the 2 isolates were identified as P. brenneri. Strains of P. brenneri did not produce the white line against P. reactants and PCR with primers for tolaasin gene did not amplified the target gene in the P. brenneri strains. Culture filtrate of the P. brenneri, however, lysed the red blood cells which is a pathogenicity characteristic of P. tolaasii. It could be concluded that P. brenneri is another pathogen causing bacterial brown blotch disease on oyster mushroom.
Ag spot plating을 위한 Photo mask 연구
김용언 호서대학교 일반대학원 2014 국내석사
Lead frame is role to structure support to the Chip during assembly process of semiconductor and after completion of Lead frame connecting the substrate for power supply and Transmitting various signal. Then discharging Thermal energy and fixing on the substrate. Ag spot plating is silver plating at lead tip and pad area for being good junction when make well wire bonding. Ag spot plating is a way of plating except for areas not selected as part of the plating and the way for exception is Mask. Silicon Mask can also be transformed by mechanical force when pressed, Bleed out by astable adhesion and not available island type and very small area. In this study, using the photo mask tried to solve the problem. Materials for Common photo mask are strong for acid solution but very weak for alkaline solution. There is no problem using normal plating that use acid solution but it can’t apply for Ag spot plating because it use alkaline solution. Therefore, I applied "EAGLE 2100”(Electro deposit Photo resist) and “EAGLE 2005”( Develop and strip) for Ag spot plating that is strong for alkaline solution and recently developed by "ROHM & HAAS Electronic Materials Inc". As a result, I was resolved Silicon mask problem by Applying Photo mask for Ag spot plating.
If the change of the periods and of the tastes, with the change of each individual lives, could generate the evolution of ‘crime fiction’, this essay would detect the context and do the mapping of the change. Basically the crime fiction starts from the city. Through the Industrial Revolution in 19th century, the big cities and the crowd having never been before appeared in Europe and America. This unprecedented life of metropolis converged into the criminal act, which tuned into the crime fiction. It could get the public popularity because there were lots of readers who got used to this ‘criminal’ life.In England, Sherlock Holmes was the first detective who embodied the tendencies and modernities of those days. As a flaneur, a collector and a scientist, Holmes always arrived ‘after’ the crime occurred and ‘interpreted’ and ‘solved’ it keeping his distance with the crime. The criminal situation should be captured in his hands and he peformed his task to explain the type of the criminals and crimes then take precautionary measures by the induction with the omnidirectional knowledge. With that unique investigation, Sherlock Holmes became the ‘mythology’ of the self-sufficient bourgeois in England. The crime generated the fascination and the horror to the public. And the detective fiction displaced the fascination into the joy of solving a puzzle then ensured the clean conclusion and promised the stability, exorcising the horror.America has been through somewhat different changing process. The continent was really vast, its metropolises are the assemblies of the isolated monads, and the crime could not be reconstructed ‘singly’. The hard-boiled detectives of Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler walked into the metropolis and experienced the ‘plural’ crimes. They rushed into the center of the crimes and became the ‘part’ of the crimes, different from ‘The armchair detectives’ who kept their own distance and arrived after the crime for the judgement.The hard-boiled detectives could be interpreted as the ‘Maxwell's demon’, the famous icon of the entropy theory. The pessimistic entropy theory of 19th century changed in 20th century and arranged the theoretical ground for generating the new order dialectically. Like that, hard-boiled detectives struggled hard to find the meaning of life from the chaos of the crimes, for giving shape to the life in the capitalistic metropolis. Although they analyzed the mysterious signs of the metropolis like the paranoiacs, it was usually seen impossible. In this society, the external reality and the true reality are dissonant. If we could read the function of the mythology(of Roland Barthes) in the detective fiction, which detached the omnipotence of the detectives from the context of ‘history’ and changed it into ‘naturalness’, the hard-boiled fictions might originate another mythology to treat the spreading and omnipresent crimes as the natural. But the meaningful endeavor could be found in the chaos unusually. Like the hard-boiled detectives, there were rarely hopeful existences who did not give up the individual endeavors for the equilibrium of order. This dynamic relationship has been showed in the latter novelist as the progressive shapes. 범죄 소설이라는 하나의 장르 안에서도 시간의 변화와 그에 따른 취향의 변화, 개인들의 삶의 변화가 어떤 식으로 진화를 생성시키는지 추적하고 그에 관한 지도를 그려보려는 게 이 글의 목표다. 먼저 범죄 소설은 기본적으로 도시에서 출발한다. 19세기 산업혁명을 거쳐 유럽과 미국 대륙에선 미증유의 인간 집단인 대도시와 ‘군중’이라는 새로운 집단이 출현했다. 자본주의 대도시에서 겪는 미증유의 삶을 범죄라는 행위에 초점을 맞춰 드러내는 소설 양식이 범죄 소설이었으며, 이런 삶에 익숙해진(이전에는 존재하지 않았던) 독자들을 가능한 많이 확보할 수 있었기 때문에 범죄 소설은 끊임없는 인기를 누릴 수 있었다.그리고 19세기 산업혁명을 거치고 당시 가장 성공적으로 근대화를 이룬 영국에서, 셜록 홈즈는 당대의 분위기를 가장 잘 체현하고 있는 탐정이었다. 그는 언제나 ‘사후’에 도착하며, 끔찍한 사건에 거리를 둔 채 그것을 정교한 텍스트이자 수수께끼처럼 다루며 ‘해석’하고 ‘풀이’한다. 범죄가 일어난 상황은 탐정의 손아귀에 들어가 있어야 했으며, 탐정은 백과사전적 지식을 동원한 귀납법을 통해 범죄자와 범죄의 유형을 설명하고 앞으로는 이런 사건이 발생하지 않을 수 있도록 예방 조치를 취하는 역할을 수행했다. 셜록 홈즈는 그 같은 수사법이 탄생시킨 영국의 자족적인 부르주아의 ‘신화’였다. 범죄는 대중들에게 매혹과 공포를 동시에 자아냈으며, 추리 소설은 그 매혹을 고스란히 수수께끼 풀이의 즐거움으로 전치시키는 동시에 공포를 푸닥거리하고 깔끔한 결말과 안정에의 약속으로 대중적 인기의 정점에 안착할 수 있었다.미국의 경우, 영국과는 조금 다른 발전 과정을 겪어왔다. 미국이라는 대륙의 규모는 너무나 거대했고, 그 대도시는 철저하게 고립된 모나드의 집합이었으며, 범죄는 더 이상 ‘단일’하게 재구성될 수 없었다. 대쉴 해밋과 레이먼드 챈들러의 주인공들은 직접 도시 한복판으로 걸어 나가 전혀 상호연관성이 없는 듯한 범죄‘들’을 차례차례 ‘겪는다’. ‘해결’이 아니라 ‘경험’이라는 측면이 중요한데, 이들은 예전의 안락의자 탐정들처럼 초연한 거리감을 두고 사후에 도착하여 판결을 내리는 것이 아니라, 사건 한복판에 뛰어들어 그 사건의 일부가 되어버리는 ‘등장인물’이 되었기 때문이다.하드보일드 탐정들은 엔트로피 이론의 유명한 아이콘, ‘맥스웰의 도깨비’ 같은 존재로 해석될 수 있다. 19세기의 비관적인 엔트로피법칙이 20세기에 들어와 변증법적으로 새로운 질서를 창출하는 이론적 토대를 닦았던 것처럼, 우리가 사는 자본주의 대도시에서의 삶을 형상화할 수 있기 위해 하드보일드 탐정도 범죄의 혼돈으로부터 삶의 의미를 찾아내기 위해 분투한다. 이들은 거의 편집증적으로 도시의 미스터리 기호들을 해석지만, 그것은 종종 불가능하게 여겨진다. 이 사회는 겉으로 보이는 리얼리티와 진정한 리얼리티가 불일치하는 사회다. 이는 자칫 하드보일드 소설이 범죄 해결의 불가능성을 미리부터 인정하는 비관적 숙명론으로 이끌릴 수 있다는 반론을 가능케 한다. 추리 소설에서 탐정의 전지전능함을 ‘역사’의 맥락에서 떼어와 ‘자연적인 것’으로 바꾸어놓은 바르트적인 신화의 기능을 읽을 수 있었다면, 하드보일드 소설에선 범죄의 만연함과 편재함을 자연적인 것으로 치부해버리는 또 다른 신화를 낳을 우려가 생기는 것이다. 그러나 혼돈 속에서 또 다른 의미 있는 패턴은 드물게 발견되기도 한다. 하드보일드 탐정처럼 타인에게는 무의미하고 무모해보일지도 모르는 노력, 질서의 평형을 찾겠다는 개인적인 노력을 포기하지 않는 희망적 존재들이 완전히 부재하진 않는 것이다. 이 같은 역동적인 관계는 이후 작가들에게서 좀 더 발전된 형태로 드러난다. 사라 패러츠키, 월터 모슬리, 제임스 엘로이, 혹은 최근에 이르러서는 일본의 ‘사회파’ 미스터리 소설들에 이르기까지, 혼돈 속에서 새로운 질서를 창조하려는 유산의 흔적은 다채롭고 넓으며 깊다.
김용언 경북대학교 경영대학원 2008 국내석사
The research which sees about 1997 November IMF situation awakes a crisis consciousness about the economic environment which is unstable with the international and financial environment problem point of the domestic big business groups re-illuminates, IMF after that 10 evaluation with the box subject and improvement program of our country enterprise under presenting should have been boiled about last current enterprise section. Also at the time of IMF foreign exchange crisis the dishonor is born and with the many big businesses enterprise structural reform the before dishonor occurring leads differently and the cash flows and good, transformed and overcomes a crisis a successful and failure item about the Hanhwa group which structural reform result according to SPA(Strategic Planning Associates) indexes evaluated and with the successful scope for the structural reform of the desirable enterprise about practice the goal in presenting a current point, the research became accomplished. The scope and method of the research which sees led and literature research and preceding research investigation relates with a structural reform the theoretical base which, they prepared analyzes the structural reform instance of the big business with goal of the research which sees under attaining boil. The literature investigation various statistical data etc. applied a secondary data mainly, the instance analysis from immediately before IMF foreign exchange crises propelled a structural reform and ㈜ Hanhwa which is a concentrating company of the Hanhwa group which comes true a big management result in brief period and the Hanhwa group in the object researched. The research result appears about structural reform of the Hanhwa group. 1 phase (`97 ~ `99) disposal of the concentrating enterprise, big deal equity disposal etc. in compliance with the structural reform and joint work which lead corporation led and is solved, the capital which flows leads and a financial affairs structure with the structural reform which improves, with sale decrement and profitability deterioration fails the floating funds which is insufficient from SPA bases of assessment appeared. 2 phases (`00 ~ ' 02) with arrangement of the deficit enterprise changed with the structural reform which succeeds with the activity of the profitability improvement which leads the rim of organization and a reduced budget reinforcement from SPA bases of assessment, this 1 phased structural reform elapsed and certain period with agreement formation of the staffs before the groups about necessity of leadership and structural reform of the management result which is thorn appears and the total number for 2 phased profitability improvement became accomplished. 3 phases (`03 ~ `07) the financial affairs structure which is improved (the gains which follows in proceeds from sale and sale cruelty) with effect of new enterprising undertaking and business expansion in SPA bases of assessment to ROE item outsides with the fact that fails from structural reform evaluation. Specially the debt ratio appeared with the result which is worse before IMF setups. This the Hanhwa group with enterprise structural reform at the time of hereafter vision will have the aim which is clear and the reformative program which is sufficient will lead and will not become accomplished and without being there is a possibility which will know. Like this instance of the Hanhwa group leads and enterprise structural reform Portfolio Restructuring, Financial Restructuring and Organizational Restructuring widly simultaneously, will be propelled to be taken up, the successful probability will be higher the enterprise which partially propels a structural reform, the direction of structural reform with hereafter vision all abilities of the members, will present the aim which is clear and will concentrate the reformative program which is sufficient will lead and with the organization which is efficient and enterprise constitution will change when going out, the structural reform will be able to succeed and to make the result of research get became. That the evaluation index of success and the failure of the structural reform which with foundation first, structural reform leads in succeeding research and the results which appear the financial affairs evaluation outside about different item the research which presents the model which is developmental necessary is and, follows the result of the research which sees in the United States SPA agrees with the enterprise environment of Korea sees, is difficult. Consequently the comparison research which leads the development of introduction and result index of the evaluation technique which is various will be able to overcome these limit is necessary.
효율적인 열기계학적 유한요소 해석을 위한 영역/경계 분할법의 제안
An efficient domain/boundary decomposition method is presented for fully-coupled thermomechanical problems with non-linear contact and thermal radiation boundaries. The whole domain is regarded as a union of subdomains, an interface, and boundary interfaces. The penalized variational formulations are then performed to connect the interface or boundary interfaces with the neighboring subdomains that satisfy continuity constraints on the displacement and temperature fields. As a result, non-linear finite element computations due to the contact and thermal radiation boundaries can be localized within a few subdomains or boundary interfaces. Therefore, by setting up suitable solution algorithms, the computational efficiency can be enhanced considerably. A variety of numerical examples are tested to confirm these advantageous features of the present method.