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김성태(Sung Tai Kim),김진영(Jin-Yeong Kim),임병인(Byung In Lim) 한국경제연구학회 2012 한국경제연구 Vol.30 No.4
본 연구는 1990년부터 2010년까지의『가계동향조사』자료를 이용하여 통신비 지출 추이를 살펴보고, 통신비 지출의 필수재로의 전환 여부를 소득탄력성과 Kakwani 지수를 이용하여 실증분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 첫째 통신비와 식료품비 모두 소득 대비 지출구조에서 소득분배에 역진적일 가능성을 시사해 주었는데, 이는 Kakwani 지수와 소득탄력성 추정결과에서 확인되었다. 둘째. 식료품비 기준의 Kakwani 지수값이 지속적으로 음(-)이어서 소득분배에 역진적이었고, 통신비에 대한 Kakwani 지수는 2000년까지는 양(+)이면서 계속 하락하다가 2001년부터 음(-)으로 반전되어 2001년을 기점으로 누진적인 성격의 지출에서 역진적인 성격의 지출로 바뀐 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 통신비 지출 결정요인 추정결과, 경상소득이 적을수록, 맞벌이 가구일수록, 근로자 가구가 아닐수록, 가족 구성원 수 및 가구주 연령이 많을수록, 19세 이하 자녀 수가 적을수록 통신비 지출비중이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 통신비의 소득탄력성은 1990년만 1보다 컸고, 이후부터 1 이하로 떨어져 2010년에는 0.830까지 감소하였다. 이로써 통신비 지출의 성격이 점차 기술적 필수(technical necessities) 성격으로 변해가고 있음이 실증되었다. 다섯째, 고소득층일수록 통신비의 소득탄력성이 작아 소득이 높을수록 통신비 지출이 필수재로 작용하는 정도가 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동일 분위의 소득탄력성이 연도가 지날수록 감소하여 통신비가 최근으로 올수록 필수재 성격으로 강하게 기능하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이상에서 정부의 통신비 인하 노력을 통해 저소득층에게 실질적인 통신비 인하 혜택이 부여될 수 있는 정책개발이 요구된다는 정책적인 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. We estimate Kakwani index, and income elasticities of telecommunication expenditures (hereafter, TE) for Korean urban households, using 1990~2010 Household Income and Expenditure Survey from the Korean National Statistical Office. We also evaluate characteristics of both TE and various other expenditures including food beverage expenditure. Empirical findings are as follows: first, two measures, i.e., Kakwani index and income elasticities support the regressivity of both food beverage and TE. Second, the less the current income and the less the children, the more family members, and the higher the age of the household head, the less proportions of TE to the current income. Third, TE has been changed into technical necessities from luxury goods in terms of two measures. Fourth, Kakwani index has had positives until 2000, but changed into negatives since 2001. It implies that TE has been converted into technical necessities from luxury goods as well as the implying that the lower income class considers TE as necessities weaker than the high income classes. Our empirical findings imply that int is needed to develop and implement a policy for mitigating TE burden of lower income deciles.
김성태 ( Sung Tai Kim ),이한식 ( Hahn Shik Lee ),임병인 ( Byung In Lim ) 한국재정정책학회 2013 재정정책논집 Vol.15 No.2
Our study is to estimate an optimal tax burden ratio of Korean government using regression equations from the Scully model and two kinds of country panel data. Especially, we show that two different optimal tax rates to maximize GDP estimate from two panel data specified by the population and per capita GDP. Empirical results are as follows: first, the optimal tax rate of Korean government is estimated to be 24.0% with OECD panel data, considering the current Korean population(50 million) and per capita GDP ($22,489). Second, the rate would be 19.9% with another panel data, which includes not only OECD countries but countries whose per capita GDP is over 10 thousand dollars as of 2012. In this context, we can say that the optimal tax rate in Korea would range from 19.9% to 24.0%. These imply that it can be increased up to 0.6∼4.7% point to reach the rate in Korea, taking into consideration of tax rate of 19.3% as of 2010.
김성태(Sung Tai Kim) 한국경제통상학회 2011 경제연구 Vol.29 No.2
향후 우리나라는 고령화의 급속한 진전에 따른 사회복지지출 수요의 급증과 소득양극화 해소를 위한 재정지출수요의 증가와 함께 남북통일비용 조달이 궁극적으로 재정 부담으로 귀착될 것이므로 재정수요는 급증하게 될 것이다. 반면에 잠재성장률의 하락으로 재정공급의 성장세가 둔화될 것이다. 따라서 현행 재정제도를 그대로 두는 경우 재정에 대한 초과수요에 의하여 재정적자가 만연하게 되고 국가채무가 급증할 것으로 전망된다. 본고에서는 향후 재정건전성 제고가 필요함에 따라 재정의 건전성 제고를 위하여 세출과 세입 측면에서 재정의 건전성 제고 방안을 제시하고 있다. 또한 우리나라의 경우 정치가 재정의 건전성을 훼손할 수 있는 여지가 많으므로 정치경제학적 측면에서 재정건전성 제고를 위한 방안을 제시하고 있다. 재정건전성 제고를 위한 세출 측면의 방안은 세출의 효율화를 위한 제반 제도의 개선과 국가 재정운용계획의 개선에 초점이 맞추어져야 할 것이다. 한편 세입 측면에서 재정건전화를 위해서는 세입기반을 확충하여야 되는데 기본적으로 과세기반을 확충하고 비과세 · 감면을 감축하여 세원을 넓혀야 힐 것이다. 정치경제학적으로 재정의 건전성 제고를 위해서는 궁극적으로 법적 제도적으로 재정규율을 확립하고 가급적 빠른 시일 안에 재정준칙을 중기재정계획을 중심으로 도입하여야 될 것이다. From now on the fiscal demand will increase very rapidly in Korea, since there will be a rapid increase in fiscal demand for social welfare expenditures and expenditures for solving the social polarization problem as well as expected expenditures for Korean unification. On the other hand the fiscal supply capacity will increase moderately due to the decrease in potential economic growth capacity. Therefore, there will be fiscal deficit due to an increase in fiscal excess demand and government debt will increase rapidly. This paper suggests the measures for improving fiscal healthiness in terms of government revenue side and expenditure side respectively. Also, we suggest the measures for improving fiscal healthiness in terms of political economy, since the politics are likely to deteriorate fiscal healthiness. On the one hand, we had better focus on improving fiscal efficiency in various aspects especially medium-term expenditure framework. On the other hand, we have to widen the government revenue bases by expanding the tax revenue bases. In terms of political economy we had better set up the fiscal disciplines and implement fiscal niles regarding on the medium-term expenditure framework in Korea.
김성태 ( Sung Tai Kim ),김광민 ( Kwang Min Kim ),김명규 ( Myoung Kyu Kim ) 한국재정정책학회 2016 재정정책논집 Vol.18 No.2
This paper analyzes the effect of transportation infrastructure on the regional economy in Chungbuk province in Korea using the spatial econometrics method. We estimated the determinants of GRDP which include transportation infrastructures of a specific region(shi and gun in Korean) namely region and its neighborhood region namely region as well as private inputs such as capital and labor. The main findings are as follows. First, transportation infrastructures of both region and increase GRDP of a specific region significantly. Second, moreover the spillover effect of neighborhood region plays more crucial role than region itself in increasing GRDP. The elasticity of GRDP with respect to transportation infra for region is twice larger than region itself, because the magnitude of region infra is greater than that of region and the spillover effect of neighborhood is very significant. Policy implications of the empirical studies are such that the local governments should pay attention to balanced investments between the SOC expenditures and other expenditures for regional economic growth.
김성태 ( Sung Tai Kim ),임병인 ( Byung In Lim ),김명규 ( Myoung Kyu Kim ) 중앙대학교 국가정책연구소 2014 국가정책연구 Vol.28 No.2
Our study estimates the status quo, determinants of sales and profits of the destitute self-employed, meaning that the number of employee is less than five, using the 2011 Economic Census. The analytic results are as follows: first, there are little difference in sales and profits by 16 areas and monthly sales and profit are only 2 million and 0.7 million won, respectively. Second, the proportion of regular employee to total are only 6.5%∼15.2%, on average of 11%, implying an unstability of employment. Third, their labor productivity is lower than the non-destitute self-employed business by 1/3, indicating their small size. Estimation for determinants of sales and profit has the following results: first, the effects of labor input and workplace size on the sales show that there is little difference in area among the small self-employed. Second, franchise helps them to increase the sales but the profits are relatively lower than the non-franchise business. Third, empirical results for both an affiliation to franchise and the degree of the market competition say that the non-franchise self-employed in populous regions has not been almost suffering from a sales more than franchise-affiliated self-employed. In other words, both sales and profits of non-franchise self-employed have a positive relationship with a population size. These findings imply an activation of the commercial venues information system, the governmental intervention to get rid of the unequal treatments of franchise headquarter and improve them, a build-up of social security net for the self-employed, and so on.
김성태 ( Sung Tai Kim ) 한국경제학회 2018 한국경제포럼 Vol.10 No.4
This paper suggests the mid-tern and long-term direction of fiscal policy in Korea recognizing that the new Korean government is likely to pursue fiscal policy carelessly in the future. Up to now the Korean government’s fiscal policies have been successful in performing a variety of policy measures to solve the national policy agenda. The Korean government’s fiscal policy has been based on the balanced budget so that she has been able to maintain fiscal healthiness. However, volatile changes in economic and fiscal environment such as rapid aging and low fertility rate, a decrease in potential economic growth rate, and income polarization make the Korean government keep fiscal healthiness. To solve these problems we should consider the future generation as well as current generation in setting up the direction of fiscal policy in the future. The current generation should pursue the structural reform in government expenditure spending and tax reform focusing on tax increase such as Value-Added Tax increase.
녹색성장전략 달성을 위한 산업별 R&D 투자의 경제적 성과분석
김성태(Sung Tai Kim),조경엽(Kyeong Lyeob Cho),이상돈(Sang Don Lee),임병인(Byung In Lim) 한국경제연구학회 2011 한국경제연구 Vol.29 No.2
본 논문은 21세기 한국경제의 파제로 대두된 온실가스 감축을 통한 환경보호와 경제성장을 동시에 달성하려고 추진하는 녹색성장 전략의 실현가능성을 검증하기 위하여 2007년 한국경제를 동태 연산가능 일반균형으로 재현하여 구축한 뒤, 산업별 R&D 투자의 경제적 성파를 분석하였다. 녹색성장 가능성을 평가하기 위한 시나리오는 온실가스 감축을 위한 신기술 도입 유무, 정부지원 유무, 생산 단가 변화 등에 따라 5가지로 구성되며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리나라 정부가 온실가스 감축을 위한 신기술 도입과 정부의 R&D 투자지원 없이 국가 온실가스 감축목표를 이행할 경우, GDP 손실은 시간이 지날수록 확대되는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 온실가스 감축을 위한 신기술은 도입되나 정부의 R&D 투자 지원이 없는 경우, 초기에는 GDP가 감소되나 2033년부터는 GDP가 증가하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 셋째, 신기술 도입에 대한 정부의 R&D 투자지원은 2029년 이후 GDP를 증가시키고 온실가스를 감축시켜 저탄소 녹색성장을 달성시키는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 녹색기술의 핵심 중 하내인 신재생에너지의 경우 모멘텀 기술로 전환되어 신성장 동력을 창출할 가능성이 낮은 반면, 그린자동차는 IT 기술이 보였던 패턴과 유사하여 R&D 투자자본이 빠르게 형성되고, 이를 통해 기술 혁신이 이루어지고 가격이 하락하여 모멘텀 기술로 기능하여 저탄소 녹색성장을 실현시킬 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 분석결과에서, 첫째 녹색성장 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 온실가스 감축을 위한 신기술은 무조건 도입되어야 하고, 둘째 정부는 신재생에너지보다는 그린자동차 관련 R&D 투자를 우선적으로 지원하는 것이 적절하며, 셋째 녹색성장 전략은 정치적 체제에 관계없이 한국 경제의 장기전략으로 일관되게 추진되어야 한다는 정책적 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of achieving the long-run economic growth strategy by the green technology R&D investments. We develop the Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model in order to analyze the economic effects of the green technology R&D investments. Especially, we introduce the new technology for the new renewable energy and the green car in the model focusing on the trade-off between economic costs and cutting down the greenhouse gas. We set up five policy simulation scenarios to assess the possibility of achieving the green growth strategy by pursuing the green technology R&D investments. Five scenarios can be classified according to the criteria such as the introduction of the new green technology, the existence of the government R&D support, and so on. The policy simulation results are as follows. First, without a new green technology and a government R&D investment for the green technology(Scenario 1), the GDP loss will be larger as time goes by in the future. Second, with new green technology, the GDP will start to increase since 2033. Third, the government R&D investments for supporting the new green technology will help Korea achieve green growth in 2029. Fourth, it is less likely for the new renewable energy to create a new growth engine, while it is more likely for the green car to create a new growth engine in Korea. Fifth, the green car turns out to become a momentum technology for Korea, since it satisfies the necessary conditions for momentum technology. The policy implications emerging from our findings are as follows. First, we have to introduce the new green technology for reducing the greenhouse gas to achieve the green growth in Korea. Second, we should pursue the long-term-oriented policy to achieve the green growth consistently regardless of political governance, since the green growth strategy is a long-term rather than short-term national policy agenda. Third, we had better strengthen the green car project rather than new renewable energy as a national agenda.