동결-젤 주조 공정 기반 삼차부틸알코올을 이용한 단일방향 기공구조를 가지는 이상인산칼슘 세라믹 지지체의 제조 및 특성평가

김경록,옥경민,김동현,박홍채,윤석영,Kim, Kyeong-Lok,Ok, Kyung-Min,Kim, Dong-Hyun,Park, Hong-Chae,Yoon, Seog-Young 한국세라믹학회 2013 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.50 No.4

Porous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds were fabricated by a freeze-gel casting technique using a tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA)-based slurry. After sintering, unidirectional macropore channels of scaffolds aligned regularly along the TBA ice growth direction were tailored simultaneously with micropores formed in the outer wall of the pore channels. The crystallinity, micro structure, pore configuration, bulk density, and compressive strength for the scaffolds were investigated with X-ray diffractometery, scanning electron microscopy analysis, a water immersion method, and a universal test machine. The results revealed that the sintered porosity and pore size generally resulted in a high solid loading which resulted in low porosity and small pore size, which relatively increased the higher compressive strength. After being sintered at $1100-1300^{\circ}C$, the scaffolds showed an average porosity and compressive strength in the range 35.1-74.9% and 65.1-3.0 MPa, respectively, according to the processing conditions.

홍무연간(洪武年間) 명(明)의 봉전(封典) 정비(整備)와 조(朝)·명관계(明關係)

김경록 ( Kim Kyeong Lok ) 중국사학회 2017 중국사연구 Vol.106 No.-

Last Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty, when resolved the social turmoil and pursued Ming world order, Emperor Hong-wu (洪武帝) improved the “bongjeon(封典) system” to establish a unified ruling system of the emperor center. As a result of political changes such as political corruption, legal discipline, civil disobedience, and the uprising of peasants before the founding of the Ming, Chu-YuanZhang(朱元璋) recognized the negative elements derived from Yuan`s governing system as a state of utter confusion. In order to establish a stable governance system, Emperor Hong-wu tried to stabilize the ruling class by serving the princes(親王), establishing various national rituals immediately after the establishment of the Ming. In the early days of the founding of Ming, the establishment of a bongjeon(封典) system was a series of institutional arrangements and political activities to establish an internal order of government and to establish a unified governmental order centered on the emperor. The bongjeon system that he gradually improved for the stability of the governing system was utilized externally to establish the Ming world order(明 中心 國際 秩序). Ming has enacted a tribute system by forcing tributes and tribute to neighboring countries such as Koryo(高麗) and Anam (安南). After Hong-wu`s twenty years, he pursued the stability of the Ming system, and the bongjeon system was more precisely structured and he pursued a unified ruling system centered on the emperor through the appointment of the prince. Despite the lack of military power due to active punitive war, emperor Hong-wu sought to stabilize the Ming world order by subordinating Nayacu(納哈出) forces to the Liadong(遼東), which was linked to the North Mongol(北元). Emperor Hong-wu wanted to enhance his status as an empire, and beyond the international order based on simple military or national power, to secure the discriminatory relationship between the empire and the kingdom based on the system of rites(禮制) through the bongjeon system. For this purpose, Emperor Hong-wu imitated the enfeoffment system(分封制) established by Kubilai kan(忽必烈) in the Yuan Dynasty and enforced the enfeoff of the prince, and enforced the detailed ceremonies of the bongjeon system and strictly followed them. The bongjeon system of the Ming Dynasty is composed of the establishment of the Lord(勳爵), the bureaucratic system(官制) of royal government(王府), as well as confer a posthumous title(追封), has been finely arranged to the official`s salary system(俸祿制) according to the system. Emperor Hong-wu compiled “Zuxunlu(祖訓錄: Instructions by the dynastic ancestor)”, “Zhusi zhizhang(諸司職掌: Responsibilities and Authorities of Various Offices)”, “Huang-Ming zuxun(皇明祖訓: Instructions by the ancestor of the August Ming)” to lay the foundation for the bongjeon system. The bongjeon system was established as a Suerian-Vassal(宗藩) institute in domestic terms during the Hong-wu period, but it was recognized as a Suerian-Vassal system(宗藩體制) in an external sense extending to Ming world order. The bongjeon system that was established by Emperor Hong-wu was maintained and developed continuously in the Ming Dynasty, and it was legislated as “ZongFan Treaty(宗藩條例)” in Emperor Jiajing(嘉靖帝) period. At the end of the Koryo period, Koryo had a diplomatic relationship with Ming and received bongjeon from Ming. In the late Koryo and early Joseon, as it is confirmed in the “Huang-Ming zuxun” of the emperor Hong-wu in relation to Joseon and Ming, it is confirmed as based on the system of rites(禮制) through the bongjeon system that should not be conquered. Bongjeon system based on the system of rites has been thoroughly used as a means of diplomatic pressure, resulting in various diplomatic events in the Joseon-Ming relationship. Joseon wanted to get a bongjeon from Ming to secure the legitimacy of the dynasty. On the other hand, the Ming rejected the request of Joseon and tried to secure diplomatic superiority through various diplomatic pressures. Taejong(太宗) was actively utilizing the Ming`s change of political situation to solve the bongjeon, and to finish the biggest diplomatic issue since the foundation of the Joseon. In conclusion, since the founding of Joseon, Joseon has been continuously incorporated into the Ming world order and pursued internal and external stability.

조선시대 해양인식(海洋認識)과 해금정책(海禁政策)

김경록(Kim Kyeong-lok) 국립해양박물관 2021 해양유산 Vol.3 No.-

조선은 해양을 연해안과 도서로 연결된 공간으로 인식했다. 해양의 자연요소와 지정학적 요소에 의해 조선은 국가통치의 차원에서 해방정책을 중심으로 해양정책을 수립하고 지속했다. 조류와 같은 자연요소는 해양에 대한 적극적인 개발과 발전을 제한했지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 다양한 항로를 역사적 경험으로 인식하고 활용했다. 무엇보다 조선은 해양의 지정학적 요소에 관심을 가지고 국제정세 변화에 민감하게 해양정책을 전개했다.<BR/>조선의 해양정책은 국가안위와 국왕중심의 통치질서를 안정화시키는 방향으로 전개되었다. 통치질서의 안정화는 중국(명·청) 중심 국제질서에서 왕실의 정당성을 확보하기 위해 원만한 대중국 관계가 필요로 했다. 이에 중국의 해양정책에 영향을 받아 조선도 해금정책을 기본으로 채택했다. 조선의 해양정책은 해방정책으로 표출되었으며, 해방의 핵심은 해양이란 공간을 통해 침범하는 외부세력을 방어함으로써 조선의 군사, 정치적 위기를 방지함에 있었다. 이를 위해 조선은 수군력을 초기부터 양성하고 편제하였다. 해양이란 공간과 연결된 연해안과 도서지역에 조선은 마정을 시행함으로써 국방체제의 수요를 충족시키고자 했다.<BR/>조선의 해양정책에서 계서적인 국제질서와 연결되는 세부 정책이 해금정책이다. 해금정책은 대내적으로 불법적인 해양진출을 제어하면서 대외적으로 해양을 통해 진입하는 외부세력을 방어하는 이중성이 있었다. 조선의 해금정책은 국제질서와 연결되어 국내 통치정책이자 국외 외교정책이었다. 해금정책은 또한 조선시대 변경에 대한 인식과 밀접하게 연결된다. 조선의 국왕이 통치하는 영역을 규정하는 강계는 엄격하게 출입이 통제되어야 했다. 왕권이 미치는 범주라는 점에서 왕화(王化)의 공간이었기 때문에 조선은 강계를 함부로 벗어나 왕법(王法)을 어기는 점에 대해 단호한 금제(禁制)를 시행했다. 이런 점에서 조선은 해금정책을 범월(犯越)의 관점에서 인식하고 해금정책의 정당성을 확보하고자 했다. 조선은 범월의 개념을 해양에 적용하여 외교정책과 연계된 해금정책을 펼쳤으며, 이는 명·청 중심의 국제질서 속에서 변화하는 국제정세와 밀접하게 연결되었다. Joseon recognized it as a space connected by islands around the coast, rather than recognizing the ocean as a distant sea or a large sea. Due to the natural and geopolitical factors of the sea, Joseon established and continued ocean policy centered on the ocean defense policy at the level of national rule. Although natural factors such as tidal current restricted the active development and development of the ocean, nevertheless, various routes were recognized and utilized as historical experiences. Above all, Joseon was interested in the geopolitical elements of the ocean and developed maritime policies sensitively to changes in the international situation.<BR/>Joseon's ocean policy was developed in the direction of stabilizing the national security and the kingcentered ruling order. Stabilization of the ruling order required smooth relations with China in order to secure the legitimacy of the royal family in the China-centered international order. Influenced by China's ocean policy, Joseon also adopted the ocean prohibition policy as the basis. Joseon's ocean policy was expressed as a ocean defense policy, and the core of ocean defense was to prevent the military and political crisis of Joseon by defending against external forces invading through the space of the sea. Due to the nature of the Korean Peninsula being connected by sea on three sides, the naval forces formed a vast military base from Pyeongando(平安道) to Hamgyeongdo(咸境道), and deployed a large number of naval forces. The naval force, the main force of the ocean defense policy, carried out not only military but also social-economic functions, thereby driving the development of local communities. Joseon tried to satisfy the demands of the national defense system by implementing a horse policy in the coastal and island regions connected to the space called ocean. The horse policy was related to the external relations of horse trade as well as the aspect of domestic governance policy.<BR/>In Joseon's ocean policy, a detailed policy that is linked to the discriminatory international order is the ocean prohibition policy. The ocean prohibition policy had the duality of controlling illegal entry into the sea internally and defending external forces from entering through the sea. In addition, Joseon's ocean prohibition was linked to international order and had a characteristic in harmony with China's ocean prohibition policy.

조선시대 대중국 사행의 정치,외교적 의미 -인평대군(麟坪大君)의 사행(使行)을 중심으로-

김경록 ( Kyeong Lok Kim ) 온지학회 2015 온지논총 Vol.- No.42

In spite of a great reservoir of very much a work, very few researchers know what a Sahaeng(使行) means, so there are not understand that Sahaeng``s political meaning. As a result, there are many researchers who do not concerned about yet what a fundamental name of Sahaeng. This study paid attention to what the Korean history academic circles don``t have interest in its politic-diplomatic meaning, in the face of which Joseon had dispatched envoys to the Chinese. The purpose of this dissertation is to study East-Asia international situation``s of Joseon period and to find out its politic-diplomatic historical meaning. And I relieve the concluding remarks through simple arrangement and opinion about the Sahaeng. Joseon belonged to an international order of Ming(明), Ching(淸) center and it was a time to propel a domestic politics reform because of the change of international situation. The international order during the Joseon acted unlike modern meaning so that a moral concept and an idea concept was important. The international relationship in traditional East Asia was performed through a diplomatic form of Sahaeng. The development of an issue, setting diplomatic goals, granting a name of sahaeng, and deciding the right time and size comprised the procedures of Sahaeng. So Joseon reserved international safety and for strengthening the royal authority. Joseon attention Sahaeng to an amicable relationship with Ming(明)·Ching(淸). The key point of Sahaeng toward China in the Joseon period was politic-diplomatic meaning. Especially, as the governing system of China, after the Ming, was strictly based on documentation, the justification of Sahaeng for delivering documents of the Joseon Dynasty King was emphasized, while individual diplomatic activities of Sahaeng``s members were restricted. Sahaeng``s importance mission was the transmit of the diplomacy document and was the achievement of an involvement diplomacy purpose, of the formality courtesy at the except. While the diplomatic role of Sahaeng increased, messengers and other staffs had to experience various cultures during the period of Sahaeng, and kept these accounts for the Sahaeng``s record(使行記錄). The document about the diplomacy was the diplomacy document(外交文書), Sahaeng``s document(使行 文書), Sahaeng``s record. The Sahaeng``s record can distinguish detailly to an official Sahaeng``s record(公的 使行記錄) and an unofficial Sahaeng``s record(私的 使行記錄). In this regard are found throughout studying Inpyeong infante(麟坪大君)``s Sahaeng toward Ching. This era falls on the middle of the Joseon period, which is regarded as a turning point both in the domestic and the international affairs. In the 17th century, it is happened the change of dynasty from Ming Dynasty to Ching Dynasty in china. The change of Joseon is accompanied by the change of diplomatic relations. He have had many dispatched Sahaeng toward Ching was accounted for he was infante. The identity of royal family was help in solving many diplomatic issues in Joseon-Ching relations. Future studies need to refer to the following matters. First, Sahaeng research is interdisciplinary research is essential. Second, There shall be a premise about the Sahaeng``s political character. Third, As a academic term, a review is needed of Sahaeng``s name, Sahaeng``s record, envoy``s name, etc. Fourth, There need to examine the creation of a process for the record in many fields. Fifth, Sahaeng research should extend not only the study of an unofficial Sahaeng``s record but the study of an official Sahaeng``s record, diplomacy document, Sahaeng``s document that will be successful in many fields.

임진전쟁기 중국사료를 통해 본 명의 참전과정과 전쟁수행

김경록 ( Kim Kyeong-lok ) 해군사관학교 해양연구소 2022 해양역사문화 Vol.9 No.0

At the end of the 16th century, extensive research on the Imjin War, an international war in Northeast Asia, accumulated many research results. Despite the vast research results, research to analyze the nature of the Imjin War as an international war is relatively insufficient. This is because the collection and analysis of basic materials necessary for the study of the Imjin War were not thoroughly carried out. Therefore, this article intends to examine the decision to participate in the Imjin War and its meaning through Chinese historical records. The main reference Chinese historical records are, first, the Annals of the Ming Dynasty and the Code. The 『Emperor Wanli’s Annals(神宗實錄)』 and the 『Da Ming hui dian(大明會典)』 are the most important Chinese historical records. Second, it is the record of a military commander who participated in the war. It’s the 『Jing lue fu guo yao bian(經略復國要編)』 and the 『Jinglue Yuwo zhouyi(經略御倭奏議)』, etc. Third, chronological records. The 『Ming shi(明史)』 and the 『Ming shi ji shi ben mo(明史紀事本末)』, 『Guo que(國榷)』, 『Wan-li ti-ch’ao(萬曆邸鈔)』, etc. Fourth, it is the main collection of writings of the Ming Emperor Wan-li period. The 『You Geng Tang Collection(由庚堂集)』 and 『Huang-ming Ching-shih Wen-bian(皇明經世文篇)』, etc. A more thorough data survey on these Chinese historical records are needed in the future.

조선초기 귀화정책(歸化政策)과 조명관계(朝明關係)

김경록(Kim Kyeong-lok) 한국역사연구회 2012 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.83

The concept of ‘naturalization’ displayed throughout the history of Korea was quite different from time period to time period. The early Joseon period’s concept of naturalization was related to an international tribute system centered around Ming. Joseon maintained a flexible naturalization policy, taking the international situations and the Joseon-Ming relations into account. Examined in this article is the meaning of naturalization and the process of certain historic transformations. An early Joseon period’s concept of naturalization was expressed as “hyang’hwa” or “naejo,” and had many political and diplomatic characteristics that were quite similar to those of the contemporary definition of nationality. Joseon, first and foremost, sharply distinguished other nations(the Jurchen people for example) from the Chinese Ming. Nevertheless, naturalized persons continued to settle down in Joseon, or went back to his or her native place, or sent back to Ming, by reason of their own identity, stability and security. Early Joseon period’s naturalization showed several cases. A person would either become a Joseon subject and enrolled into the census registration and the army register, or live in a borderland area and not be enrolled into any registers, or even remain as an independent presence with only periodic contacts with Joseon. Their incorporation into Joseon often became causes for political and diplomatic contentions between Joseon and Ming. Yet Joseon kept receiving them, as such very act was a literal declaration of the Joseon king’s moral stance to the world, and also had the merit of expanding Joseon’s territory or at least its territorial control over various regions. These ‘newly incorporated people’ were useful military assets in defending the north, as well as a possible cause for a civil strife in social issues like marriage, residence and customs. And they were also economic characters, as they were a labor force important in developing the north. Joseon’s naturalization policy changed due to periodic disturbances, first when Yuan fell and Ming rose, and then around the times of other wars. There were many cases of naturalization, such as the Jurchen people, the Mansan-gun soldiers, persons crossing the border, people on political asylums, people found adrift on the sea, and repatriated Joseon people. As a result, Joseon’s policy of naturalization came to display a certain level of flexibility, affected by Ming’s policy of naturalization based upon the tribute system centered around Ming. Ming approached the issue of naturalization as part of a military doctrine, and implemented the policy of appeasement to put Liaodung under stable rule. On the other hand, Joseon monitored the changes in Ming’s situation, movements of the Jurchen tribes, Mongols’ military trends, and actively modified its policy of naturalization. Responding to Ming’s strong occupation policy of the Liaodung region, Joseon tried to appease the Jurchen tribes located in the vicinity of the border, and enforced the policy of ’retrieval,’ during the reigns of Hong-mu and Yeong’rak emperors.

조선의 대청관계(對淸關係) 인식(認識)과 교외체계(外交體系) -조선후기 외교문서의 정리를 중심으로-

김경록 ( Kyeong Lok Kim ) 이화사학연구소 2008 이화사학연구 Vol.- No.37

조선시대(朝鮮時代) 외교문서(外交文書) 자문(咨文)의 행이체계(行移體系)와 변화과정

김경록 ( Kyeong Lok Kim ) 한국고문서학회 2015 고문서연구 Vol.46 No.-

The relationship between the Joseon Dynasty and China developed with a balance in justification and practicality, reflecting the comprehensive change in international and domestic environment. Joseon, belong to the World System of Centering around China, applied the Official Document System of China and exchanged their diplomatic documents. The diplomatic documents to Ming and Qing dynasty during Joseon period are: Danja(單子), Jeongmun(呈文), Sinmun(申文), Gyemun(啓文), Jumun(奏文), Jamun(咨文), Jangmun(狀文), Jonmun(箋文), P`yomun(表文) and so on. Later, Johoe(照會) was added in the late 19th century. These documents were influenced by China; therefore, they were produced, delivered, received and stored according to the Chinese Official Document System. Among these diplomatic documents of Joseon period, Jamun was the documents so-called, Pyunghangmun(平行文) which was exchanged between the governments of higher than the second grade. The documents of Joseon were issued by the King of Joseon dynasty, and received by the Board of Rites(禮部), the Board of War(兵部), the Five Army office of the Commander-Governor(五軍都督府), and the Liaodong Commander-Guard(遼東都司) of Ming dynasty, and by the Board of Rites, the Board of War, and the Shenyang Board of Rites(盛京禮 部), the Shenyang Board of War(盛京兵部) of Qing dynasty. Jamun among diplomatic documents was the most exchanged documents between Joseon and China because of its practical use. Though the specified forms of Jamun in Ming dynasty were handed down to Qing dynasty, some partial changes were made, reflecting the weakening of China`s status in the course of modernization. Its contents include all kinds of diplomatic affairs occurred between China and Joseon in a comprehensive manner. The administrative system of Jamun may be classified by their final destination, whether it is to Beijing or to Shenyang, and also by the use of the administration system of official documents( ) of China. Since the documents delivered to Ming 行移體系dynasty were finally received by the Chinese emperor in the end, they were generally handled with more care than the ones that are being sent to Shenyang. In addition, delivered Jamun by Sahaeng(使行) a dispatched envoy from Joseon dynasty contained relatively more important information than the ones delivered under the administration system of official documents of China. Through the format, contents, and administration system of this type of Jamun, we may identify that the Jamun was the key diplomatic document within the world System of Centering China during Joseon period. Moreover, we may also understand the characteristics of the international order of Joseon dynasty through an analysis of Jamun. In the early 19th century, the Western Powers` advance into East Asia radically changed the traditional conception of the East Asian international order. The decline in Qing`s international standing brought changes in fundamental World-view(世界觀) for Joseon who was keeping its national security under the World system of centering Around China. This naturally led to a change in diplomatic policy and diplomatic documents. The changes occurred in the format, contents and its administration system of the Jamun caused Joseon, who was attempting to reform and modernize its diplomatic system to establish modern diplomatic organizations and to formulate appropriate diplomatic document system. Meanwhile, Qing dynasty tried to maintain their world system of centering around Qing(淸中心國際秩序) to Joseon. The gap between Joseon and Qing dynasty`s foreign policy became more deepened by not only their relation itself, but also their relation with the Western Powers including Japan. In conclusion, a traditional diplomatic document Jamun lost its identity as a diplomatic document in accordance with the defeat of Qing dynasty in the Sino-Japanese War which signifies the collapse of the traditional international order.

명청사학회(明淸史學會) 제(第)17회(回) 하계학술대회(夏季學術大會) 특별논문(特別論文) : 연행학(燕行學)과 한중관계(韓中關係) ; 조선시대(朝鮮時代) 조공체제(朝貢體制)와 대중국(對中國) 사행(使行)

김경록 ( Kyeong Lok Kim ) 명청사학회 2008 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.30

朝鮮初期 軍人送還問題와 朝明間 軍事外交

김경록(Kim, Kyeong-lok) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2012 군사 Vol.- No.83