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This study examines a Song-dynasty book titled TaeYiKukZieKuaZungMunKyuk(太醫局諸科程文格), which is the collection of questions and answers in the state examinations on medicine. This book was compiled by 'Hah Dae-yim(何大任)' who was the vice-principal of 'TaeYiKuk(太醫局)', the national school of medicine in Song dynasty. Despite its value of including actually conducted examinations, this book has been rarely examined by historians of East Asian medicine. The book consists of nine chapters and at that time there were nine medical courses in 'TaeYiKuk'. This study argues that there is a strong correlation between the nine chapters and the nine medical courses. The present study reviewed all the chapters and found a number of significant issues as followed. First, in the time of Song dynasty, test takers are required to have high level of achievements on fundamental knowledge of canonic texts of East Asian medicine. Second, the pulse diagnosis among the four diagnositic methods (四診) was emphasized. Special attention was paid to a normal pulse of each season among spring, summer, fall, and winter, which was described in Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經). And pulse was rechecked when symptoms are changed. Third, in the case of herbal medicine formulas, there are fixed structures, 'Ki Bang(奇方, consisting of odd numbered herbs)' and 'Wu Bang(偶方, consisting of even numbered herbs)', and fixed ratios for mixing various herbs. Fourth, there is a theory for division of therapies in which acupuncture is conducted for maridian diseases and herbal medicine for organ diseases. In addition, applications of acupuncture and moxibustion were also divided for meridians of hand and meridians of foot, respectively. And the examination asked test-takers to choose one acupuncture point for one symptom. Fifth, herbal medicine formulas based on 'Unki theory(運氣學)' is simpler than those of the previous generations. This study argues that this change does not mean the decline of 'Unki theory.' Rather, it is because 'Unki theory' had been established as a common sense at the time. Sixth, the knowledge on the place of origin of herbs was emphasized. Seventh, the knowledge on the relationship between herbs were also emphasized. Eighth, 'Tang(湯)' and 'San(散)' were used most frequently as forms of medicine. Further studies are needed on the effect of TaeYiKukZieKuaZungMunKyuk(太醫局諸科程文格) in later dynasties and comparative studies on other medical works written in Song dynasty.
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조선시대 의학교육제도에 대한 연구 : 명청대와의 비교를 중심으로
This study is on the medical education system of the Joseon Dynasty. The difference between this study and previous studies is that this study is a comparative study between medical education systems of those three Dynasty. And through this comparison this study more reveals the features of the medical education system of Joseon Dynasty. The materials used in this study are the dynastic annals, collections of codes, manual books of medical institutions, and the method of this study is reviewing those literature materials. In the first chapter, this study presents an outline of the medical institutions of the Joseon, Ming and Qing Dynasty and compares them. The comparison criteria are the relationship between a medical administrative office and a medical education office, The involvement of senior government officials, the presence of a medical administrative office for women, and the degree of centralization. In the second chapter, this study presents how the medical personnel were selected in the Joseon, Ming and Qing Dynasty. The methods how to select the medical personnel by the dynasties are cultivating people to inherit medicine, giving people a chance of applying for a state examination, employing medical practitioners, entitling someone who grants his government money a medical student. In the third chapter, this study presents how the governments provide education to their medical students. The Joseon government has ‘SibHak(十學)’system which has 10 categories of technical works, and in which medicine is included. Medical students of the Joseon Dynasty are dispersed in the medical education offices named ‘JeonUiGam(典醫監)’ and ‘HyeMinSeo(惠民署),’ and educated there. On the other hand, Medical students of the Ming and Qing Dynasties study medicine in the medical education office named ‘TaeUiWon(太醫院).’ In the third chapter, this study presents the comparison of medical textbooks. The medical textbooks of the Joseon Dynasty can be categorized into five groups, and this study tries to explain the reason why these group can be categorized. And what differences exist in the medical textbooks of the Ming and Qing Dynasty against those of the Joseon Dynasty are explained. In the third chapter, this study presents the medical education tests of the Joseon and the Qing Dynasty which has their examples. Oral examinations are used in the Joseon Dynasty, and written tests are used in the Qing Dynasty. These two forms of testing reflect the values that were important in each dynasty. Written tests used in the Qing Dynasty are related to the popularity of ‘PalGoMun(八股文)’ which is a sentence format used in a state examination. Oral examinations used in the Joseon Dynasty reflects the fact that learning in Confucian scriptures was important in that time. In the third chapter, this study presents the status of a official doctor in these dynasties. Through this, it is confirmed that the Joseon doctors received better treatment than the doctors of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. The Joseon government was greatly influenced by Ming and Qing's system. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that there are many differences in the medical system between them. It suggests that the Joseon government's perception of medicine was different from Ming and Qing government. The existence of these differences helps us to understand the characteristics of Korean traditional medicine more clearly. Further studies are needed on the comparison with the medical education system of Japan.
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